ॐ

तैत्तिरीयप्रातिशाख्य

(Translation by W.D. Whitney, 1868)

॥१॥

अथ वर्णसमाम्नायः॥१.१॥

atha varṇasamāmnāyaḥ

Now the list of sounds.

 

अथ नवादितः समानाक्षराणि॥१.२॥

atha navāditaḥ samānākṣarāṇi

Now the nine at the beginning are simple vowels.

 

द्वेद्वे सवर्णे ह्रस्वदीर्घे॥१.३॥

dvedve savarṇe hrasvadīrghe

Two and two, short and long, are similar.

 

न प्लुतपूर्वम्॥१.४॥

na plutapūrvam

Not so, when a protracted vowel precedes.

 

षोडशादितः स्वराः॥१.५॥

ṣoḍaśāditaḥ svarāḥ

The sixteen at the beginning are vowels.

 

शेषो व्यञ्जनानि॥१.६॥

śeṣo vyañjanāni

The rest are consonants.

 

आद्याः पञ्चविशति स्पर्शाः॥१.७॥

ādyāḥ pañcavim̐śati sparśāḥ

The first twenty-five are mutes.

 

पराश्चतस्रो ऽन्तस्थाः॥१.८॥

Parāścatasro ’ntasthāḥ

The next four are semivowels.

 

परे षडूष्माणः॥१.९॥

pare ṣaḍūṣmāṇaḥ

The next six are spirants.

 

स्पर्शानामानुपूर्व्येण पञ्चपञ्च वर्गाः॥१.१०॥

sparśānāmānupūrvyeṇa pañcapañca vargāḥ

Of the mutes, the successive fives are the series.

 

प्रथमद्वितीयतृतीयचतुर्थोत्तमाः॥१.११॥

prathamadvitīyatṛtīyacaturthottamāḥ

And are called first, second, third, fourth, and last.

 

ऊष्मविसर्जनीयप्रथमद्वितीया अघोषाः॥१.१२॥

ūṣmavisarjanīyaprathamadvitīyā aghoṣāḥ

The spirants, visarjanīya, and the first and second mutes, are surd.

 

न हकारः॥१.१३॥

na hakāraḥ

But not h.

 

व्यञ्जनशेषो घोषवान्॥१.१४॥

vyañjanaśeṣo ghoṣavān

The rest of the consonants are sonant.

 

आप्रावोपाभ्यधिप्रतिपरिविनीत्युपसर्गाः॥१.१५॥

āprāvopābhyadhipratiparivinītyupasargāḥ

ā, pra, ava, upa, abhi, adhi, prati, pari, vi, ni --- these are prepositions.

 

वर्णः कारोत्तरो वर्णाख्या॥१.१६॥

varṇaḥ kārottaro varṇākhyā

A sound followed by kāra is the name of that sound.

 

अकारव्यवेतो व्यञ्जनानाम्॥१.१७॥

akāravyaveto vyañjanānām

But with an a interposed, in the case of the consonants.

 

न विसर्जनीयजिह्वामूलीयोपध्मानीयानुस्वारनासिक्यानाम्॥१.१८॥

na visarjanīyajihvāmūlīyopadhmānīyānusvāranāsikyānām

Not of visarjanīya, jihvāmūlīya, upadhmānīya, anusvāra, and the nāsikyas.

 

एफस्तु रस्य॥१.१९॥

ephastu rasya

Of r, however, epha forms the name.

 

ह्रस्वो वर्णोत्तिरस्त्रयाणाम्॥१.२०॥

hrasvo varṇottirastrayāṇām

The short vowel, with varṇa after it, is the name of the three vowels.

 

अकारो व्यञ्जनानाम्॥१.२१॥

akāro vyañjanānām

An a forms the names of consonants.

 

ग्रहणस्य॥१.२२॥

grahaṇasya

As also, of a cited word.

 

अःकार आगमविकारिलोपिनाम्॥१.२३॥

aḥkāra āgamavikārilopinām

aḥ makes the names of an increment, or of an element suffering alteration or elision.

 

ग्रहणं वा॥१.२४॥

grahaṇaṃ vā

Or the simple citation.

 

आसन्न संदेहे॥१.२५॥

āsannam̐ saṃdehe

In case of doubt, citation is made of the next.

 

अनेकस्यापि॥१.२६॥

anekasyāpi

Even of more than one.

 

प्रथमो वर्गोत्तरो वर्गाख्या॥१.२७॥

prathamo vargottaro vargākhyā

A first mute, followed by the word "series," is the name of the series.

 

अं विकारस्य॥१.२८॥

aṃ vikārasya

am makes the name of a product of alteration.

 

पूर्व इति पूर्वः॥१.२९॥

pūrva iti pūrvaḥ

By preceding is meant preceding.

 

पर इत्युत्तरः॥१.३०॥

para ityuttaraḥ

By following is meant succeeding.

 

ऋकारल्कारौ ह्रस्वौ॥१.३१॥

ṛkāralkārau hrasvau

ṛ and ḷ are short.

 

अकारश्च॥१.३२॥

akāraśca

Also a.

 

तेन च समानकालस्वरः॥१.३३॥

tena ca samānakālasvaraḥ

Also any vowel having the same quantity with the latter.

 

अनुस्वारश्च॥१.३४॥

anusvāraśca

Also anusvāra.

 

द्विस्तावान्दीर्घः॥१.३५॥

dvistāvāndīrghaḥ

An element of twice that quantity is long.

 

त्रिः प्लुतः॥१.३६॥

triḥ plutaḥ

An element of three times that quantity is protracted.

 

ह्रस्वार्धकालं व्यञ्जनम्॥१.३७॥

hrasvārdhakālaṃ vyañjanam

A consonant has half the quantity of a short vowel.

 

उच्चैरुदात्तः॥१.३८॥

uccairudāttaḥ

A syllable uttered in a high tone is acute.

 

नीचैरनुदात्तः॥१.३९॥

nīcairanudāttaḥ

In a low tone, grave.

 

समाहारः स्वरितः॥१.४०॥

samāhāraḥ svaritaḥ

Their combination is circumflex.

 

तस्यादिरुच्चैस्तरामुदात्तादन्तरे यावदर्ध ह्रस्वस्य॥१.४१॥

tasyādiruccaistarāmudāttādantare yāvadardham̐ hrasvasya

Of this circumflex, in case it imeediately follows an acute, the first part, to the extent of half a short vowel, is uttered in a yet higher tone.

 

उदात्तसमः शेषः॥१.४२॥

udāttasamaḥ śeṣaḥ

The remainder has the same tone with acute.

 

सव्यञ्जनो ऽपि॥१.४३॥

Savyañjano ’pi

Along with the consonant, too.

 

अनन्तरो वा नीचैस्तराम्॥१.४४॥

anantaro vā nīcaistarām

Or the part following is uttered in a lower tone.

 

अनुदात्तसमो वा॥१.४५॥

anudāttasamo vā

Or in the same tone with grave.

 

आदिरस्योदात्तसमः शेषो ऽनुदात्तसम इत्याचार्याः॥१.४६॥

ādirasyodāttasamaḥ śeṣo ’nudāttasama ityācāryāḥ

Its beginning is the same with acute; its remainder is the same with grave: so say the teachers.

 

सर्वः प्रवण इत्येके॥१.४७॥

sarvaḥ pravaṇa ityeke

It is all a slide, say some.

 

नानापदवदिंग्यमसंख्याने॥१.४८॥

nānāpadavadiṃgyamasaṃkhyāne

A separable word is treated like separete words, except in an enumeration.

 

तस्य पूर्वपदमवग्रहः॥१.४९॥

tasya pūrvapadamavagrahaḥ

Of such a word, the former member is called avagraha.

 

पदग्रहणेषु पदं गम्येत॥१.५०॥

padagrahaṇeṣu padaṃ gamyeta

In citations of a word, that word is to be understood.

 

अपि विकृतम्॥१.५१॥

api vikṛtam

But that word, even when phonetically altered.

 

अप्यकारादि॥१.५२॥

apyakārādi

And even when preceded by a.

 

अन्कारादि च॥१.५३॥

ankārādi ca

And when preceded by an.

 

एकवर्णः पदमपृक्तः॥१.५४॥

ekavarṇaḥ padamapṛktaḥ

A single sound composing a word is called apṛkta.

 

आद्यन्तवच्च॥१.५५॥

ādyantavacca

And is treated both as initial and as final.

 

वर्णस्य विकारलोपौ॥१.५६॥

varṇasya vikāralopau

Alteration and omission are of a single sound.

 

विनाशो लोपः॥१.५७॥

vināśo lopaḥ

Omission is complete loss.

 

अन्वादेशो ऽन्त्यस्य॥१.५८॥

Anvādeśo ’ntyasya

Continued implication is of that which was last.

 

उपबन्धस्तु देशाय नित्यम्॥१.५९॥

upabandhastu deśāya nityam

An upabandha, however, is for that particular passage, and of constant effect.

 

नानापदीयं च निमित्तं प्रग्रहस्रादिषु॥१.६०॥

nānāpadīyaṃ ca nimittaṃ pragrahasrādiṣu

Also a cause belonging to another word, in the case of a pragraha or of a word containing anusvāra.

 

यथोक्तं पुनरुक्तं त्रिपदप्रभृति त्रिपदप्रभृति॥१.६१॥

yathoktaṃ punaruktaṃ tripadaprabhṛti tripadaprabhṛti

A repeated passage, of three or more words, is as already established.

 

॥२॥

अथ शब्दोत्पत्तिः॥२.१॥

atha śabdotpattiḥ

Now for the origin of sound.

 

वायुशरीरसमीरणात्कण्ठोरसोः संधाने॥२.२॥

vāyuśarīrasamīraṇātkaṇṭhorasoḥ saṃdhāne

By the setting in motion of air by the body, at the junction of throat and breast.

 

तस्य प्रातिश्रुत्कानि भवन्त्युरः कण्ठः शिरो मुखं नासिके इति॥२.३॥

tasya prātiśrutkāni bhavantyuraḥ kaṇṭhaḥ śiro mukhaṃ nāsike iti

The parts which give it audible quality are breast, throat, head, mouth, and nostrils.

 

संवृते कण्ठे नादः क्रियते॥२.४॥

saṃvṛte kaṇṭhe nādaḥ kriyate

When the throat is closed, tone is produced.

 

विवृते श्वासः॥२.५॥

vivṛte śvāsaḥ

When it is opened, breath is produced.

 

मध्ये हकारः॥२.६॥

madhye hakāraḥ

When in an intermediate condition, the h-sound is produced.

 

ता वर्णप्रकृतयः॥२.७॥

tā varṇaprakṛtayaḥ

Those are the materials of alphabetic sounds.

 

नादो ऽनुप्रदन स्वरघोषवत्सु॥२.८॥

nādo ’nupradanam̐ svaraghoṣavatsu

In vowels and sonant consonants, the emission is sound.

 

हकारो हचतुर्थेषु॥२.९॥

hakāro hacaturtheṣu

In h and in sonant aspirate mutes, it is h-sound.

 

अघोषेषु श्वासः॥२.१०॥

aghoṣeṣu śvāsaḥ

In surd consonants, it is breath.

 

भूयान्प्रथमेभ्यो ऽन्येषु॥२.११॥

bhūyānprathamebhyo ’nyeṣu

And more of it in the other surd letters than in the simple surd mutes.

 

अवर्णे नात्युपसहृतमोष्ठहनु नातिव्यस्तम्॥२.१२॥

avarṇe nātyupasam̐hṛtamoṣṭhahanu nātivyastam

In forming the a-vowels, the lips and jaws must not be too nearly approximated, nor too widely separated.

 

ओकारे च॥२.१३॥

okāre ca

Also in uttering o.

 

ओष्ठौ तूपसहृततरौ॥२.१४॥

oṣṭhau tūpasam̐hṛtatarau

But the lips are more nearly approximated.

 

ईषत्प्रकृष्टावेकारे॥२.१५॥

īṣatprakṛṣṭāvekāre

In utterin e, they are slightly protracted.

 

उपसहृततरे हनू॥२.१६॥

upasam̐hṛtatare hanū

The jaws more nealy approached.

 

जिह्वामध्यान्ताभ्यां चोत्तराञ्जम्भ्यान्त्स्पर्शयति॥२.१७॥

jihvāmadhyāntābhyāṃ cottarāñjambhyāntsparśayati

And one touches the borders of the upper back jaws with the edges of the middle of the tongue.

 

उपसहृततरे च जिह्वाग्रमृकारर्कारल्कारेषु बर्स्वेषूपसहरति॥२.१८॥

upasam̐hṛtatare ca jihvāgramṛkārarkāralkāreṣu barsveṣūpasam̐harati

The jaws, also, are more closely approximated, and the tip of the tongue is brought into close proximity to the upper back gums, in ṛ, ṝ, and ḷ.

 

एकेषामनुस्वारस्वरभक्त्योश्च॥२.१९॥

ekeṣāmanusvārasvarabhaktyośca

As also, according to some, in anusvāra and svarabhakti.

 

अनादेशे प्रण्यस्ता जिह्वा॥२.२०॥

anādeśe praṇyastā jihvā

In the absence of special direction, the tongue is thrust down forward.

 

अकारवदोष्ठौ॥२.२१॥

akāravadoṣṭhau

The lips are as in the utterance of a.

 

तालौ जिह्वामध्यमिवर्णे॥२.२२॥

tālau jihvāmadhyamivarṇe

In the i-vowels, the middle of the tongue is to be approximated to the palate.

 

एकारे च॥२.२३॥

ekāre ca

Also in e.

 

ओष्ठोपसहार उवर्णे॥२.२४॥

oṣṭhopasam̐hāra uvarṇe

In the u-vowels, there is approximation of the lips.

 

एकान्तरस्तु सर्वत्र प्रकृतात्॥२.२५॥

ekāntarastu sarvatra prakṛtāt

But, in all cases, with an interval of one from the preceding.

 

अकारार्धमैकारौकारयोरादिः॥२.२६॥

akārārdhamaikāraukārayorādiḥ

The beginning of ai and au is half an a.

 

संवृतकरणतरमेकेषाम्॥२.२७॥

saṃvṛtakaraṇataramekeṣām

Which, in the opinion of some, is uttered with the organs more closed.

 

इकारो ऽध्यर्धः पूर्वस्य शेषः॥२.२८॥

ikāro ’dhyardhaḥ pūrvasya śeṣaḥ

Of the former, the rest is one and a half times i.

 

उकारस्तूत्तरस्य॥२.२९॥

ukārastūttarasya

But, of the latter, u.

 

अनुस्वारोत्तमा अनुनासिकाः॥२.३०॥

anusvārottamā anunāsikāḥ

anusvāra and the last mutes are nasal.

 

स्वराणा यत्रोपसहारस्तत्स्थानम्॥२.३१॥

svarāṇā yatropasam̐hārastatsthānam

In the case of the vowels, that is their place of production, to which approximation is made.

 

यदुपसहरति तत्करणम्॥२.३२॥

yadupasam̐harati tatkaraṇam

That is producing organ, which makes the approximation.

 

अन्येषां तु यत्र स्पर्शनं तत्स्थानम्॥२.३३॥

anyeṣāṃ tu yatra sparśanaṃ tatsthānam

But in the case of the other letters, that is place of production, where contact is made.

 

येन स्पर्शयति तत्करणम्॥२.३४॥

yena sparśayati tatkaraṇam

That is producing organ, whereby one makes the contact.

                   

हनूमूले जिह्वामूलेन कवर्गे स्पर्शयति॥२.३५॥

hanūmūle jihvāmūlena kavarge sparśayati

In the k-series, one makes contact with the root of the tongue at the root of the jaws.

 

तालौ जिह्वामध्येन चवर्गे॥२.३६॥

tālau jihvāmadhyena cavarge

In the c-series, with the middle of the tongue, upon the palate.

 

जिह्वाग्रेण प्रतिवेष्ट्य मूर्धनि टवर्गे॥२.३७॥

jihvāgreṇa prativeṣṭya mūrdhani ṭavarge

In the ṭ-series, with the tip to the tongue, rolled back, in the head.

 

जिह्वाग्रेण तवर्गे दन्तमूलेषु॥२.३८॥

jihvāgreṇa tavarge dantamūleṣu

In the t-series, with te tip of the tongue, at the roots of the teeth.

 

ओष्ठाभ्यां पवर्गे॥२.३९॥

oṣṭhābhyāṃ pavarge

In the p-series, with the two lips.

 

तालौ जिह्वामध्यान्ताभ्यां यकारे॥२.४०॥

tālau jihvāmadhyāntābhyāṃ yakāre

In y, with the two edges of the middle of the tongue, upon the palate.

 

रेफे जिह्वाग्रमध्येन प्रत्यग्दन्तमूलेभ्यः॥२.४१॥

rephe jihvāgramadhyena pratyagdantamūlebhyaḥ

In r, with the middle of the tip of the tongue, back of the roots of the teeth.

 

दन्तमूलेषु च लकारे॥२.४२॥

dantamūleṣu ca lakāre

Also in l, at the roots of the teeth.

 

ओष्ठान्ताभ्यां दन्तैर्वकारे॥२.४३॥

oṣṭhāntābhyāṃ dantairvakāre

In v, with the edges of the lips, along with the teeth.

 

स्पर्शस्थानेषूष्माण आनुपूर्व्येण॥२.४४॥

sparśasthāneṣūṣmāṇa ānupūrvyeṇa

The spirants, in their order, are produced in the places of the mutes.

 

करणमध्यं तु विवृतम्॥२.४५॥

karaṇamadhyaṃ tu vivṛtam

But the middle of the producing organ is unclosed.

 

कण्ठस्थानौ हकारविसर्जनीयौ॥२.४६॥

kaṇṭhasthānau hakāravisarjanīyau

The throat is place of production of h and visarjanīya.

 

उदयस्वरादिसस्थानो हकारं एकेषाम्॥२.४७॥

udayasvarādisasthāno hakāraṃ ekeṣām

In the opinion of some authorities, h has the same position as the begiining of the following vowel.

 

पूर्वान्तसस्थानो विसर्जनीयः॥२.४८॥

pūrvāntasasthāno visarjanīyaḥ

visarjanīya has the same position as the end of the preceding vowel.

 

नासिक्या नासिकास्थानाः॥२.४९॥

nāsikyā nāsikāsthānāḥ

The nose-sounds have the nose as their place of production.

 

मुखनासिक्या वा॥२.५०॥

mukhanāsikyā vā

Or they are produced by the mouth and nose.

 

वर्गवच्चैषु॥२.५१॥

vargavaccaiṣu

And, in them, the organ of production is as in the series of mutes.

 

नासिकाविवरणादानुनासिक्यंनासिकाविवरणादानुनासिक्यम्॥२.५२॥

nāsikāvivaraṇādānunāsikyaṃnāsikāvivaraṇādānunāsikyam

Nasal quality is given by the unclosing of the nose.

 

॥३॥

अथादावुत्तरे विभागे ह्रस्वं व्यञ्जनपरः॥३.१॥

athādāvuttare vibhāge hrasvaṃ vyañjanaparaḥ

Now then --- at the beginning or end of a word, a vowel, in case of separation, if followed by a consonant, becomes short as hereinafter set forth.

 

देवाशीकासुम्नाश्वर्तावयुनाहृदयाघोक्थाशुद्धा॥३.२॥

devāśīkāsumnāśvartāvayunāhṛdayāghokthāśuddhā

devā, śīkā, sumnā, śvā, ṛtā, vayunā, hṛdayā, aghā, ukthā, and śudhā, as first members of a compound, shorten their final when separated.

 

इन्द्रा वद्वन्वान्परः॥३.३॥

indrā vadvanvānparaḥ

Also indrā, when followed by vat, van, and vān.

 

चित्रा वपरः॥३.४॥

citrā vaparaḥ

Also citrā, when followed by v.

 

प्रस्थेन्द्रियाद्रविणाविश्वदेव्यादीर्घावीर्याविश्वावातात्वाभङ्गुराकर्णकावृष्णियासुगोपर्कसामाघासत्रावर्षापुष्पामेघाप्रास्वा॥३.५॥

prasthendriyādraviṇāviśvadevyādīrghāvīryāviśvāvātātvābhaṅgurākarṇakāvṛṣṇiyāsugoparkasāmāghāsatrāvarṣāpuṣpāmeghāprāsvā

Also prasthā, indriyā, draviṇā, viśvadevyā, dīrghā, vīryā, viśvā, vātā, tvā, bhaṅgurā, karṇakā, vṛṣṇiyā, sugopā, ṛksāmā, aghā, satrā, varṣā, puṣpā, meghā, prā, svā.

 

लोकएवेष्टा॥३.६॥

lokaeveṣṭā

Also iṣṭā, after loke and eva.

 

शक्तीरथीत्विषीवाशीरात्र्योषध्याहुतीव्याहृतीस्वाहाकृतीह्रादुनीशचीचितीश्रोणीपृष्टीपूत्यभीचर्षणीपर्यधीपारीशत्रूविषूवसूअनूहनूसूविभू  इत्यवग्रहः॥३.७॥

śaktīrathītviṣīvāśīrātroṣadhyāhutīvyāhṛtīsvāhākṛtīhrādunīśacīcitīśroṇīpṛṣṭīpūtyabhīcarṣaṇīparyadhīpārīśatrūviṣūvasūanūhanūsūvibhū   ityavagrahaḥ

Also śaktī, rathī, tviṣī, vāśī, rātrī, oṣadhī, āhutī, vyāhṛtī, svāhākṛtī, hrādunī, śacī, citī, śroṇī, pṛṣṭī, pūtī, abhī, carṣaṇī, parī, adhī, pārī, śatrū, viṣū, vasū, anū, hanū, sū, vibhū --- all these, as first members of a compoound.

 

अवासचस्वानुदामृडावर्धाशिक्षारक्षाद्याभवाभजायत्राचरापिबानाधामाधारयाधर्षाघावर्धयाबोधात्रातत्रामुञ्चाश्वस्यापृणस्वाहिष्ठात्वंतराजनिष्वायुक्ष्वाछा॥३.८॥

avāsacasvānudāmṛḍāvardhāśikṣārakṣādyābhavābhajāyatrācarāpibānādhāmādhārayādharṣāghāvardhayābodhātrātatrāmuñcāśvasyāpṛṇasvāhiṣṭhātvaṃtarājaniṣvāyukṣvāchā

Also ava, sacasvā, nudā, mṛḍā, vardhā, śikṣā, rakṣā, adyā, bhavā, bhajā, yatrā, carā, pibā, nā, dhāmā, dhārayā, dharṣā, ghā, vardhayā, bodhā, atrā, tatrā, muñcā, aśvasyā, pṛṇasvā, hi ṣṭhā, tvaṃ tarā, janiṣvā, yukṣvā, achā.

 

अधाग्नियाज्ये॥३.९॥

adhāgniyājye

Also adhā, in agni and yājyā passages.

 

कुत्रादक्षिणेनास्वेनाहन्तनाजगामारुहेमाविद्मर्ध्यामाचकृमाक्षामास्तरीमाभरेमावर्षयथेरयथारिथापाथाथासिञ्चथाजनयथाजयतोक्षतावतायाताशृणुताकृणुताबिभृता॥३.१०॥

kutrādakṣiṇenāsvenāhantanājagāmāruhemāvidmardhyāmācakṛmākṣāmāstarīmābharemāvarṣayatherayathārithāpāthāthāsiñcathājanayathājayatokṣatāvatāyātāśṛṇutākṛṇutābibhṛtā

Also kutrā, dakṣiṇenā, svenā, hantanā, jagāmā, ruhemā, vidmā, ṛdhyāmā, cakṛmā, kṣāmā, starīmā, bharemā, varṣayathā, īrayathā, ārithā, pāthā, athā, siñcathā, janayathā, jayatā, ukṣatā, avatā, yātā, śṛṇutā, kṛṇutā, bibhṛtā.

 

भरता याज्यासु॥३.११॥

bharatā yājyāsu

Also bhartarā, in yājyā passages.

 

अत्ताभवतानदतातरतातपताजुहुतावोचतामुञ्चताचृताघुष्याजनयावर्तयासादयापारयादीयाहराभरापाससादासृजातिष्ठायेना॥३.१२॥

attābhavatānadatātaratātapatājuhutāvocatāmuñcatācṛtāghuṣyājanayāvartayāsādayāpārayādīyāharābharāpāsasādāsṛjātiṣṭhāyenā

Also attā, bhavatā, anadatā, taratā, tapatā, juhutā, vocatā, amuñcatā, cṛtā, ghuṣyā, janayā, vartayā, sādayā, pārayā, dīyā, harā, bharā, apā, sasādā, sṛjā, tiṣṭhā, and yenā.

 

उश्मसीक्रयीकृधीश्रुधीयदी॥३.१३॥

uśmasīkrayīkṛdhīśrudhīyadī

Also uśmasī, krayī, kṛdhī, śrudhī, and yadī.

 

सूतूनूमिथूमक्षूऊ॥३.१४॥

sūtūnūmithūmakṣūū

Also sū, tū, nū, mithū, makṣū, and ū.

 

व्युत्पूर्व आननुदात्तो ऽनूष्मवत्यनूष्मवति॥३.१५॥

vyutpūrva ānanudātto ’nūṣmavatyanūṣmavati

Also ān, when unaccented, and preceded by vi or ut, in a word containing no spirant.

 

॥४॥

अथ प्रग्रहाः॥४.१॥

atha pragrahāḥ

Now the pragrahas.

 

नावग्रहः॥४.२॥

nāvagrahaḥ

No former member of a compound is pragraha.

 

अन्ताः॥४.३॥

antāḥ

Only a final is pragraha.

 

इतिपरो ऽपि॥४.४॥

itiparo ’pi

It is followed by iti.

 

ऊकारः॥४.५॥

ūkāraḥ

A long ū is pragraha.

 

ओकारो ऽसाहितो ऽकारव्यञ्जनपरः॥४.६॥

okāro ’sām̐hito ’kāravyañjanaparaḥ

Also an which is not the product of euphonic combination, if followed by a or a consonant.

 

समहदथपित्पूर्वश्च॥४.७॥

samahadathapitpūrvaśca

As also, when preceded by s, m, h, d, th, and pit.

 

अथैकारेकारौ॥४.८॥

athaikārekārau

Now follow cases of e and ī.

 

अस्मे॥४.९॥

asme

asme is pragraha.

 

त्वे इत्यनिंग्यान्तः॥४.१०॥

tve ityaniṃgyāntaḥ

Also tve, when not the final member of a separable compound.

 

देवते- उभे- भागधे- ऊर्ध्वे- विशाखे- शृङ्गे- एने- मेध्ये- तृण्णे- तृद्ये- कनीनिके- पार्श्वे- शिवे- चोत्तमे- एवोत्तरे- शिप्रे- रथंतरे- वत्सरस्यर्ऊपे- विर्ऊपे- विषुर्ऊपे- सदोहविर्धाने- अधिषवणे- अहोरात्रे- धृतव्रते- स्तुतशस्त्रे- ऋक्सामे- अक्तेअर्पिते- रैवते- पूर्ते- प्रत्ते- विधृते- अनृते- अछिद्रे- बहुले- पूर्वजे- कृणुध्वँसदने॥४.११॥

devate- ubhe- bhāgadhe- ūrdhve- viśākhe- śṛṅge- ene- medhye- tṛṇṇe- tṛdye- kanīnike- pārśve- śive- cottame- evottare- śipre- rathaṃtare- vatsarasyarūpe- virūpe- viṣurūpe- sadohavirdhāne- adhiṣavaṇe- ahorātre- dhṛtavrate- stutaśastre- ṛksāme- aktearpite- raivate- pūrte- pratte- vidhṛte- anṛte- achidre- bahule- pūrvaje- kṛṇudhvam̐sadane

Also devate, ubhe, bhāgadhe, ūrdhve, viśākhe, śṛṅge, ene, medhye, tṛṇṇe, tṛdye, kanīnike, pārśve, śive, cottame, evottare, śipre, rathaṃtare, vatsarasya rūpe, virūpe, viṣurūpe, sadohavirdhāne, adhiṣavaṇe, ahorātre, dhṛtavrate, stutaśastre, ṛksāme, akte arpite, raivate, pūrte, pratte, vidhṛte, anṛte, achidre, bahule, pūrvaje, kṛṇudhvam̐ sadane.

 

अमी- चक्षुषी- कार्ष्णी- देवताफल्गुनी- मुष्टी- धी- नाभी- वपाश्रपणी- अहनी- जन्मनी- सुम्निनी- सामनी- वैष्णवी- ऐक्षवी- दर्वी- द्यावापृथिवी॥४.१२॥

amī- cakṣuṣī- kārṣṇī- devatāphalgunī- muṣṭī- dhī- nābhī- vapāśrapaṇī- ahanī- janmanī- sumninī- sāmanī- vaiṣṇavī- aikṣavī- darvī- dyāvāpṛthivī

Also amī, cakṣuṣī, kārṣṇī, devatā phalgunī, muṣṭī, dhī, nābhī, vapaāśrapaṇī, ahanī, janmanī, sumninī, sāmanī, vaiṣṇavī, aikṣavī, darvī, dyāvāpṛthivī.

 

पूर्वश्च॥४.१३॥

pūrvaśca

As also, the preceding word.

 

न रुन्धे नित्यम्॥४.१४॥

na rundhe nityam

But not rundhe, in any case.

 

हरीसहुरीसहूतीकल्पयन्तीआपृषतीआहुती॥४.१५॥

harīsahurīsahūtīkalpayantīāpṛṣatīāhutī

Also harī, sahurī, sahūtī, kalpayantī, ā pṛṣatī, and āhutī are pragraha.

 

पूर्वश्च॥४.१६॥

pūrvaśca

As also, the preceding word.

 

वाससीतपसीरोदसी॥४.१७॥

vāsasītapasīrodasī

Also vāsasī, tapasī, and rodasī.

 

परश्च॥४.१८॥

paraśca

As also, the following word.

 

व्यचस्वतीभिरिष्यन्तीनःपृथिवी॥४.१९॥

vyacasvatībhiriṣyantīnaḥpṛthivī

Also vyacasvatī, bhariṣyantī, and naḥ pṛthivī.

 

येअप्रथेतामुर्वीतेअस्ययंक्रन्दसीछन्दस्वतीतेआचरन्तीअन्तरैतासु॥४.२०॥

yeaprathetāmurvīteasyayaṃkrandasīchandasvatīteācarantīantaraitāsu

Also in the verses beginning ye aprathetām, urvī, te asya, yaṃ krandasī, chandasvatī, te ācarantī, and antarā.

 

नोपस्थे॥४.२१॥

nopasthe

But not upasthe.

 

इरावतीप्रभृत्या दाधार॥४.२२॥

irāvatīprabhṛtyā dādhāra

Also in the passage beginning with irāvatī, and ending with dādhāra.

 

पूर्वजेप्रभृत्यायम्॥४.२३॥

pūrvajeprabhṛtyāyam

And in the passage beginning with pūrvaje and ending with ayam.

 

इमे गर्भमुपैवरसेनपरः॥४.२४॥

ime garbhamupaivarasenaparaḥ

Also ime, when followed by garbham, upa, and eva rasena.

 

क्र्ऊरमापःसजूर्ब्रह्मजैतेषु च॥४.२५॥

krūramāpaḥsajūrbrahmajaiteṣu ca

As also, in the sections beginning with krūram, āpaḥ, sajūḥ, and brahmaja.

 

पूर्णे॥४.२६॥

pūrṇe

As also pūrṇe.

 

दृढे॥४.२७॥

dṛḍhe

Also dṛdhe is pragraha.

 

घ्नीचक्रे पपरे॥४.२८॥

ghnīcakre papare

Also ghnī and cakre, when followed by p.

 

न्वती॥४.२९॥

nvatī

Also nvatī.

 

पपरो न॥४.३०॥

paparo na

But not when followed by p.

 

समीची॥४.३१॥

samīcī

samīcī is pragraha.

 

नपरो न॥४.३२॥

naparo na

But not when followed by n.

 

ची यत्प्रपरः॥४.३३॥

cī yatpraparaḥ

cī is pragraha, when followed by yat or pra.

 

आन्मही॥४.३४॥

ānmahī

Also ān mahī.

 

पती श्रुतिः॥४.३५॥

patī śrutiḥ

Also the combination of sounds patī.

 

ग्नी॥४.३६॥

gnī

Also gnī.

 

न हिपरः॥४.३७॥

na hiparaḥ

But not when followed by hi.

 

वीड्द्वारौकृष्णश्चरावोयदापरः॥४.३८॥

vīḍdvāraukṛṣṇaścarāvoyadāparaḥ

Also an ī or e followed by vīḍ, dvārau, kṛṣṇaḥ, carāvaḥ, and yadā.

 

न ज्ञे ऽह्ने नित्यम्॥४.३९॥

na jñe ’hne nityam

But not jñe and ahne, under any circumstances.

 

आकारैकारपूर्वस्तु बहुस्वरस्य ते थे॥४.४०॥

ākāraikārapūrvastu bahusvarasya te the

te and the, however, are pragraha in a word of more than two syllables, if preceded by ā or e.

 

न शार्याते॥४.४१॥

na śāryāte

But not śāryāte.

 

ते मापातंनमएनमभिवायुर्गर्भमुपाहस्तुपरः॥४.४२॥

te māpātaṃnamaenamabhivāyurgarbhamupāhastuparaḥ

te is pragraha when followed by mā pātam, namaḥ, enam abhi, vāyuḥ, garbham, upa, ahas, and tu.

 

अनुदात्तो न नित्यम्॥४.४३॥

anudātto na nityam

But not when unaccented, under any circumstances.

 

एते तनुवौवैसमेवहियज्ञपदिष्टक्परः॥४.४४॥

ete tanuvauvaisamevahiyajñapadiṣṭakparaḥ

ete is pragraha when followed by tanuvau, vai sam, eva, hi, yajña, pad, and iṣṭak.

 

परश्च द्वयोः॥४.४५॥

paraśca dvayoḥ

As also, the letter following the two last mentioned.

 

स्थःपरः॥४.४६॥

sthaḥparaḥ

Also one followed by sthaḥ.

 

परश्चोभयोः॥४.४७॥

paraścobhayoḥ

As also, one following them both.

 

सोमायस्वैतस्मिन्॥४.४८॥

somāyasvaitasmin

Also in the section beginning somāya sva.

 

द्वे॥४.४९॥

dve

Also dve.

 

परश्च॥४.५०॥

paraśca

As also, the following word.

 

एकव्यवेतो ऽपि॥४.५१॥

ekavyaveto ’pi

Likewise the next but one.

 

गमयतोभवतोऽनूकारात्परंतनूयदकरोत्कुर्यादिष्टिष्वब्र्ऊतांप्रवर्तास्तास्तभ्नीतांवाचयतिबिभृतस्ताग्निंगायत्रंताभ्यामेवोभाभ्यामवान्तरंपर आ षष्ठात्॥४.५२॥

gamayatobhavato’nūkārātparaṃtanūyadakarotkuryādiṣṭiṣvabrūtāṃpravartāstām̐stabhnītāṃvācayatibibhṛtastāgniṃgāyatraṃtābhyāmevobhābhyāmavāntaraṃpara ā ṣaṣṭhāt

Before, and within six words of, gamayataḥ, bhavataḥ (except when it follows ū), tanū yāt, akarot, kuryāt (in iṣṭi passages), abrūtām, pra varta, āstām, stabhnītām, vācayati, bibhṛtas ta, agniṃ gāyatram, tābhyām eva, ubhābhyām, and avāntaram.

 

न ग्रामीवर्चसीमिथुनीमासेलोकेधत्ते॥४.५३॥

na grāmīvarcasīmithunīmāselokedhatte

But not grāmī, varcasī, mithunī, māse, loke, dhatte.

 

अते समानपदे नित्यमवे चावे च॥४.५४॥

ate samānapade nityamave cāve ca

Nor ate, in a single word, nor ave, under any circumstances.

 

॥५॥

अथ सहितायामेकप्राणभावे॥५.१॥

atha sam̐hitāyāmekaprāṇabhāve

The following rules apply in combined text (saṃhitā), within the compass of a single breath.

 

यथायुक्ताद्विधिः सा प्रकृतिः॥५.२॥

yathāyuktādvidhiḥ sā prakṛtiḥ

Separation from the text as combined --- that is the fundamental text.

 

तत्र पूर्वंपूर्वं प्रथमम्॥५.३॥

tatra pūrvaṃpūrvaṃ prathamam

And here, that which comes first is first taken.

 

त्रपुमिथुपूर्वः शकरश्चपरः॥५.४॥

trapumithupūrvaḥ śakaraścaparaḥ

After trapu and mithu is inserted a ś before c.

 

सुपूर्वश्च चन्द्रपरः॥५.५॥

supūrvaśca candraparaḥ

As also after su, before candra.

 

संपूर्वः सकारः कुरुपरः॥५.६॥

saṃpūrvaḥ sakāraḥ kuruparaḥ

After sam is inserted s before kuru.

 

अकुर्व च प्रत्ययात्परः॥५.७॥

akurva ca pratyayātparaḥ

And before akurva, after the augment.

 

नीचापूर्वो दकार उच्चापरः॥५.८॥

nīcāpūrvo dakāra uccāparaḥ

After nīcā is inserted d before uccā.

 

असंपूर्वो ऽरमृकारः॥५.९॥

asaṃpūrvo ’ramṛkāraḥ

After asam, ṛ becomes ar.

 

अवग्रह आशीर्धूःसुवरिति रेफं परः सकारः षकारम्॥५.१०॥

avagraha āśīrdhūḥsuvariti rephaṃ paraḥ sakāraḥ ṣakāram

Of āśīḥ, dhūḥ, and suvaḥ, when first members of a compound, the visarjanīya becomes r, and a follwing s becomes ṣ.

 

अथ लोपः॥५.११॥

atha lopaḥ

Now for cases of omission.

 

ईंपूर्वो मकारः॥५.१२॥

īṃpūrvo makāraḥ

A m is dropped, when preceded by īm.

 

तुनुपूर्व उदात्तयोर्वकारः॥५.१३॥

tunupūrva udāttayorvakāraḥ

A v is dropped when preceded by tu or nu, in case these are accented.

 

उत्पूर्वः सकारो व्यञ्जनपरः॥५.१४॥

utpūrvaḥ sakāro vyañjanaparaḥ

A s is dropped after ut, when a consonant follows.

 

एषसस्य इति च॥५.१५॥

eṣasasya iti ca

Also eṣaḥ, saḥ, and syaḥ.

 

नासः॥५.१६॥

nāsaḥ

But not asaḥ.

 

इद्विदग्नैमांनएनौषधीःपरः सः॥५.१७॥

idvidagnaimāṃnaenauṣadhīḥparaḥ saḥ

And saḥ, when followed by id u, id agne, imāṃ naḥ, enā, oṣadhīḥ.

 

अवग्रह इत्येकम्॥५.१८॥

avagraha ityekam

Also ity ekam, when ekam is the former member of a compound.

 

तिष्ठन्त्येकया सपूर्वः॥५.१९॥

tiṣṭhantyekayā sapūrvaḥ

Also tiṣṭhanty ekayā, along with the preceding letter.

 

न कारः शकारं चपरः॥५.२०॥

na kāraḥ śakāraṃ caparaḥ

A n, when followed by c, becomes ś.

 

नायन्नैरयन्नार्ध्नुवन्ननड्वान्घृणीवान्वारुणानेवास्मिन्॥५.२१॥

nāyannairayannārdhnuvannanaḍvānghṛṇīvānvāruṇānevāsmin

But not the n of āyan, airayan, ārdhnuvan, anaḍvān, ghṛṇīvān, vāruṇān, and evāsmin.

 

तकारश्चकार शचछपरः॥५.२२॥

takāraścakāram̐ śacachaparaḥ

A t, when followed by ś, c, or ch, becmes c.

 

जपरो जकारम्॥५.२३॥

japaro jakāram

When followed by j, it becomes j.

 

नकार एतेषु ञकारम्॥५.२४॥

nakāra eteṣu ñakāram

A n, before the same letters, becomes ñ

 

लपरौ लकारम्॥५.२५॥

laparau lakāram

Both t and n, when followed by l, become l.

 

नकारो ऽनुनासिकम्॥५.२६॥

nakāro ’nunāsikam

The n becomes nasalized l.

 

मकार स्पर्शपरस्तस्य सस्थानमनुनासिकम्॥५.२७॥

makāra sparśaparastasya sasthānamanunāsikam

A m, when followed by a mute, becomes the nasal of like position with it.

 

अन्तस्थापरश्च सवर्णमनुनासिकम्॥५.२८॥

antasthāparaśca savarṇamanunāsikam

Followed by a semivowel, it becomes a nasal of like quality with it.

 

न रेफपरः॥५.२९॥

na rephaparaḥ

But not when followed by r.

 

यवकारपरश्चैकेषामाचार्याणाम्॥५.३०॥

yavakāraparaścaikeṣāmācāryāṇām

Nor, according to some teachers, when followed by y or v.

 

उत्तमलभावात्पूर्वो ऽनुनासिक इत्यात्रेयः॥५.३१॥

uttamalabhāvātpūrvo ’nunāsika ityātreyaḥ

ātreya holds that, when a nasal mute becomes l, the previous vowel is nasalized.

 

ङपूर्वः ककारः सषकारपरः॥५.३२॥

ṅapūrvaḥ kakāraḥ saṣakāraparaḥ

After ṅ is inserted a k before s and ṣ.

 

टनकारपूर्वश्च तकारः॥५.३३॥

ṭanakārapūrvaśca takāraḥ

After ṭ or n is inserted a t.

 

स्पर्शपूर्वः शकारश्छकारम्॥५.३४॥

sparśapūrvaḥ śakāraśchakāram

A ś preceded by a mute becomes ch.

 

न मकारपूर्वः॥५.३५॥

na makārapūrvaḥ

But not when preceded by m.

 

पकारपूर्वश्च वाल्मीकेः॥५.३६॥

pakārapūrvaśca vālmīkeḥ

Nor, according to vālmīki, when preceded by p.

 

व्यञ्जनपरः पौष्करसादेर्न पूर्वश्च ञकारम्॥५.३७॥

vyañjanaparaḥ pauṣkarasāderna pūrvaśca ñakāram

Nor, according to pauṣkarasādi, when followed by a consonant; and a preceding n, in that case, does not become ñ.

 

प्रथमपूर्वो हकारश्चतुर्थं तस्य सस्थानं प्लाक्षिकौण्डिन्यगौतमपौष्करसादीनाम्॥५.३८॥

prathamapūrvo hakāraścaturthaṃ tasya sasthānaṃ plākṣikauṇḍinyagautamapauṣkarasādīnām

According to plākṣi, kauṇḍinya, gautama, and pauṣkarasādi, a h preceded by a first mute becomes a fourth mute corresponding with the latter.

 

अविकृत एकेषाम्॥५.३९॥

avikṛta ekeṣām

According to some authorities, it remains unchanged.

 

चतुर्थो ऽन्तरे शैत्यायनादीनाम्॥५.४०॥

caturtho ’ntare śaityāyanādīnām

According to śaityāyana and others, a fourth mute is interposed.

 

मीमासकानां च मीमासकानां च॥५.४१॥

mīmām̐sakānāṃ ca mīmām̐sakānāṃ ca

As also, according to the mīmām̐sakas.

 

॥६॥

अथ षकार सकारविसर्जनीयौ॥६.१॥

atha ṣakāram̐ sakāravisarjanīyau

Now for conversions of s and visarjanīya into ṣ.

 

स्वानासोदिव्यापोह्ययमुकमूमोप्रोत्रीमहिद्यविपद्यवयहपूर्वः॥६.२॥

svānāsodivyāpohyayamukamūmoprotrīmahidyavipadyavayahapūrvaḥ

A s is converted into ṣ when preceded by svānāso divi, āpo hi, ayam u, kam u, ū, mo, pro, trī, mahi, dyavi, padi, or a former member of a compound.

 

असदामासिञ्चश्च॥६.३॥

asadāmāsiñcam̐śca

Also asadāma and asiñcan.

 

उपसर्गनिष्पूर्वो ऽनुदात्ते पदे॥६.४॥

upasarganiṣpūrvo ’nudātte pade

Also in an unaccecnted pada, when a preposition or nis precedes.

 

रासःसप्तेऽग्निर्निर्विदुर्मीढुःपायुभिर्वेःसुमतिर्माकिरीयुरायुराभिःसधिर्नकिस्तकारपरो नित्यम्॥६.५॥

rāsaḥsapte’gnirnirvidurmīḍhuḥpāyubhirveḥsumatirmākirīyurāyurābhiḥsadhirnakistakāraparo nityam

Also the visarjanīya, when followed by t, of agniḥ preceded by rāsaḥ or sapte, and of niḥ, viduḥ, mīḍhuḥ, pāyubhiḥ, veḥ, sumatiḥ, mākiḥ, īyuḥ, āyuḥ, ābhiḥ, sadhiḥ, and nakiḥ, under all circumstances.

 

अथ न॥६.६॥

atha na

Now for exceptions.

 

अवर्णव्यञ्जनशकुनिपत्न्यृतुमृत्युमलिम्लुबृहस्पतिपूर्वः॥६.७॥

avarṇavyañjanaśakunipatnyṛtumṛtyumalimlubṛhaspatipūrvaḥ

Excepted is a s preceded by an a-vowel, a consonant, caknu, patnī, ṛtu, mṛtyu, malimlu, or bṛhaspati.

 

ऋकाररेफवति॥६.८॥

ṛkārarephavati

Also in a word containing ṛ or r.

 

अवग्रहः॥६.९॥

avagrahaḥ

Also in the former member of a compound.

 

सवस्थानम्॥६.१०॥

savasthānam

Also in sava and sthānam.

 

न धिपूर्वे॥६.११॥

na dhipūrve

But not when dhi precedes.

 

संतानेभ्यःसप्ताभिःसंमितास्तनासीतस्पशःसक्सनिसनिःसनीःसभेयःसत्त्वासस्यायै॥६.१२॥

saṃtānebhyaḥsaptābhiḥsaṃmitām̐stanām̐sītam̐spaśaḥsaksanisaniḥsanīḥsabheyaḥsattvāsasyāyai

Also in saṃtānebhyaḥ, saptābhiḥ, saṃmitām, stanām, sītam, spaśaḥ, sak, sani, saniḥ, sanīḥ, sabheyaḥ, sattvā, and sasyāyai.

 

न स्वरस्पर्धास्तरीमसाहस्रसारथिस्फुरन्तीस्तुब्ज्योतिरायुश्चतुःपूर्वस्तो॥६.१३॥

na svaraspardhāstarīmasāhasrasārathisphurantīstubjyotirāyuścatuḥpūrvasto

But not in svara, spardhāḥ, starīma, sāhasra, sārathiḥ, sphurantī, stubh, and in sto when preceded by jyotiḥ, āyuḥ, or catuḥ.

 

तर्हास्तस्मिंलोकान्विद्वास्तास्त्रीन्युष्मानूर्ध्वानम्बकानृतूनश्मन्कृण्वन्पितृ̄ननान्कपालास्तिष्ठन्नाद्युदात्तेनेमिर्देवान्त्सवनेपशूस्तकारपरः सकारं प्राकृतो नित्ये प्राकृतो नित्ये॥६.१४॥

tarhām̐stasmiṃlokānvidvām̐stām̐strīnyuṣmānūrdhvānambakānṛtūnaśmankṛṇvanpitr̥̄nanānkapālām̐stiṣṭhannādyudāttenemirdevāntsavanepaśūm̐stakāraparaḥ sakāraṃ prākṛto nitye prākṛto nitye

In tarhān, tasmin, lokān, vidvān, tān, trīn, yuṣmān, ūrdhvān, ambakān, ṛtūn, aśman, kṛṇvan, pitr̥̄n, anān, kapālān, tiṣṭhan when accented on the first syllable, nemir devān, and savane paśūn, an original n, followed by a t, becomes s, when the t is a constant one.

 

॥७॥

अथ नकारो णकारम्॥७.१॥

atha nakāro ṇakāram

Now for conversion of n into ṇ.

 

षुषूकृधिसुवःसमिन्द्रास्थूर्युरुवाःषट्त्रिग्रामनिषुपूर्वः॥७.२॥

ṣuṣūkṛdhisuvaḥsamindrāsthūryuruvāḥṣaṭtrigrāmaniṣupūrvaḥ

n becomes ṇ when preceded by ṣu, ṣū, kṛdhi suvaḥ, sam indra, asthūri, uru, vāḥ, ṣaṭ, tri, grāma, or niḥ.

 

हन्यादुप्यमानं च॥७.३॥

hanyādupyamānaṃ ca

Also in hanyāt and upyamānam.

 

परीपरिपरीप्रपूर्वः॥७.४॥

parīpariparīprapūrvaḥ

Also after pārī, pari, parī, and pra.

 

अवर्णव्यवेतो ऽपि॥७.५॥

avarṇavyaveto ’pi

And that, even when an a-vowel intervenes.

 

वाहनौह्यमानोयानमयन्यवेनवञ्च॥७.६॥

vāhanauhyamānoyānamayanyavenavañca

Also in vāhanaḥ, uhyamānaḥ, yānam, ayan, yavena, and van.

 

प्रापूर्वश्च॥७.७॥

prāpūrvaśca

As also, when preceded by prā.

 

इन्द्रोऽयजुःपूर्व एनंकेन॥७.८॥

indro’yajuḥpūrva enaṃkena

Also enam and kena, when preceded respectively by indraḥ and ayajuḥ.

 

नृश्रीपूर्वो मनाः॥७.९॥

nṛśrīpūrvo manāḥ

also manāḥ, when preceded by nṛ or śrī.

 

अङ्गानामोनेगानिगानांग्यानियामेन॥७.१०॥

aṅgānāmonegānigānāṃgyāniyāmena

Also aṅgānām, one, gāni, gānām, gyāni, and yāmena.

 

रषःपूर्वो हवन्यह्नेहन्॥७.११॥

raṣaḥpūrvo havanyahnehan

Also havani, ahne, han, when preceded by r or ṣaḥ.

 

रुपूर्वो मयान्यनी॥७.१२॥

rupūrvo mayānyanī

Also mayāni and anī, when preceded by ru.

 

वाघाषपूर्वस्तष्टम्॥७.१३॥

vāghāṣapūrvastaṣṭam

After vāghā and ṣ, t is changed to ṭ.

 

थश्च ठम्॥७.१४॥

thaśca ṭham

Also th to ṭh.

 

न तकारपरः॥७.१५॥

na takāraparaḥ

But not when t follows.

 

नह्यतिनूनंनृत्यन्त्यन्योऽन्याभिरन्यान्यन्तश्चान्तश्च॥७.१६॥

nahyatinūnaṃnṛtyantyanyo’nyābhiranyānyantaścāntaśca

Nor in nahyati, nūnam, nṛtyanti, anyaḥ, anyābhiḥ, anyāni; nor when final.

 

॥८॥

अथ प्रथमः॥८.१॥

atha prathamaḥ

Now for changes of first mutes.

 

उत्तमपर उत्तम सवर्गीयम्॥८.२॥

uttamapara uttamam̐ savargīyam

A first mute, followed by a last mute, becomes a last mute of its own series.

 

तृतीय स्वरघोषवत्परः॥८.३॥

tṛtīyam̐ svaraghoṣavatparaḥ

Followed by a vowel or a sonant consonat, it becomes a third mute.

 

ककुच्च मकारपरः॥८.४॥

kakucca makāraparaḥ

Also in kakut, when m follows.

 

अथ विसर्जनीयः॥८.५॥

atha visarjanīyaḥ

Now for changes of visarjanīya.

 

रेफमेतेषु॥८.६॥

rephameteṣu

visarjanīya becomes r before the classes of sounds last mentioned.

 

न रेफपरः॥८.७॥

na rephaparaḥ

But not before r.

 

ह्वारभार्वार्हारबिभरजीगरकरनन्तर्विवःसुवःपुनरहरहःप्रातर्वस्तःशमितःसमितःसनुतस्तनुतस्तोतर्होतःपितर्मातर्यष्टरेष्टर्नेष्टस्त्वष्टः॥८.८॥

hvārabhārvārhārabibharajīgarakaranantarvivaḥsuvaḥpunaraharahaḥprātarvastaḥśamitaḥsamitaḥsanutastanutastotarhotaḥpitarmātaryaṣṭareṣṭarneṣṭastvaṣṭaḥ

visarjanīya becomes r in hvāḥ, abhāḥ, vāḥ, hāḥ, abibhaḥ, ajīgaḥ, akaḥ, anantaḥ, vivaḥ, suvaḥ, punaḥ, aharahaḥ, prātaḥ, vastaḥ, śamitaḥ, savitaḥ, sanutaḥ, stanutaḥ, stotaḥ, hotaḥ, pitaḥ, mātaḥ, yaṣṭaḥ, eṣṭaḥ, neṣṭaḥ, and tvaṣṭaḥ.

 

करावरनुदात्ते पदे॥८.९॥

karāvaranudātte pade

Also in kaḥ and āvaḥ, in an unaccented word.

 

अन्तरनाद्युदात्ते॥८.१०॥

antaranādyudātte

Also in antaḥ, except when accented on the first syllable.

 

आवृत्परः॥८.११॥

āvṛtparaḥ

Also a visarjianīya followed by āvṛt.

 

इतिपरो ऽपि॥८.१२॥

itiparo ’pi

And likewise when iti follows.

 

अहारहःसुवरनिंग्यान्तः॥८.१३॥

ahārahaḥsuvaraniṃgyāntaḥ

Also in ahāḥ, ahaḥ, and suvaḥ, except at the end of a separable word.

 

न भिर्भ्यांपरः॥८.१४॥

na bhirbhyāṃparaḥ

Not, however, when followed by bhiḥ or bhyām.

 

अहश्च सर्वेषाम्॥८.१५॥

am̐haśca sarveṣām

Also not in am̐haḥ, as all agree.

 

अनवर्णपूर्वस्तु रेफपरो लुप्यते॥८.१६॥

anavarṇapūrvastu rephaparo lupyate

But, when not preceded by an a-vowel, visarjanīya followed by r  is omitted.

 

दीर्घं च पूर्वः॥८.१७॥

dīrghaṃ ca pūrvaḥ

And the preceding vowel is made long.

 

एष्टश्च॥८.१८॥

eṣṭaśca

As also, in eṣṭaḥ.

 

नैकेषाम्॥८.१९॥

naikeṣām

Not so, according to some authorities.

 

द्वावुत्तमोत्तरीयस्य रेफम्॥८.२०॥

dvāvuttamottarīyasya repham

According to uttamottarīya, two becomes r.

 

सांकृत्यस्योकारम्॥८.२१॥

sāṃkṛtyasyokāram

According to sāṃkṛtya, the visarjanīya becomes u.

 

उख्यस्य सपूर्वः॥८.२२॥

ukhyasya sapūrvaḥ

And, according to ukhya, along with the preceding letter.

 

कखपकारपरः षमकारपूर्वः समवग्रहः॥८.२३॥

kakhapakāraparaḥ ṣamakārapūrvaḥ samavagrahaḥ

At the end of the former member of a compound, before k, kh, or p, visarjanīya becomes ṣ --- or s, if preceded by a.

 

आविर्निरिडःशश्वतोऽपसोदेवरिषोऽहसोऽतिदिवोविश्वतोऽश्मनस्तमसः॥८.२४॥

āvirniriḍaḥśaśvato’pasodevariṣo’m̐haso’tidivoviśvato’śmanastamasaḥ

Also in āviḥ, niḥ, iḍaḥ, śaśvataḥ, apasaḥ, devariṣaḥ, am̐hasaḥ, ati divaḥ, viśvataḥ, aśmanaḥ, and tamasaḥ.

 

कृधिपिन्वपथेपरः॥८.२५॥

kṛdhipinvapatheparaḥ

Also before kṛdhi, pinva, and pathe.

 

न सक्रघकारपरे॥८.२६॥

na sakraghakārapare

??

 

पत्नीवेपतीपतेपतयेपतिष्पतिंपरः॥८.२७॥

patnīvepatīpatepatayepatiṣpatiṃparaḥ

Also before patnī ve, patī, pate, pataye, patiḥ, and patim.

 

दिवःसहसस्परिपुत्परः॥८.२८॥

divaḥsahasaspariputparaḥ

Also in divaḥ and sahasaḥ, before pari and put.

 

रायस्पोपरः॥८.२९॥

rāyaspoparaḥ

Also in rāyaḥ, before po.

 

नमस्करोपरः॥८.३०॥

namaskaroparaḥ

Also in namaḥ, before karo.

 

वसुष्ककारपरः॥८.३१॥

vasuṣkakāraparaḥ

Also in vasuḥ, before k.

 

नाध्वरंविश्वतोऽन्तर्जातोविविशुःपरुःपुनः॥८.३२॥

nādhvaraṃviśvato’ntarjātoviviśuḥparuḥpunaḥ

Not in adhvaraṃ viśvataḥ, antaḥ, jātaḥ, viviśuḥ paruḥ, and punaḥ.

 

धषवति॥८.३३॥

dhaṣavati

Nor before a word containing dh or ṣ.

 

परिवाप्रपरः॥८.३४॥

parivāpraparaḥ

Not before pari vā or pra.

 

न निर्ण निः॥८.३५॥

na nirṇa niḥ

Not so with niḥ.

 

॥९॥

ऊष्मपरो ऽघोषपरे लुप्यते काण्डमायनस्य॥९.१॥

ūṣmaparo ’ghoṣapare lupyate kāṇḍamāyanasya

visarjanīya, when followed by a spirant which has a surd letter after it, is dropped, according to kāṇḍamāyana.

 

अघोषपरस्तस्य सस्थानमूष्माणम्॥९.२॥

aghoṣaparastasya sasthānamūṣmāṇam

Followed by a surd letter, it becomes the spirant of like position with that letter.

 

न क्षपरः॥९.३॥

na kṣaparaḥ

But not when followed by kṣ.

 

कपवर्गपरश्चाग्निवेश्यवाल्मीक्योः॥९.४॥

kapavargaparaścāgniveśyavālmīkyoḥ

Nor, according to āgniveśya and vālmīki, when followed by a guttural or a labial mute.

 

ऊष्मपर एवैकेषामाचार्याणाम्॥९.५॥

ūṣmapara evaikeṣāmācāryāṇām

According to some authorities, not when followed by a spirant, and only then.

 

न प्लाक्षिप्लाक्षायणयोः॥९.६॥

na plākṣiplākṣāyaṇayoḥ

Not according to plākṣi and plākṣāyaṇa.

 

ओकारमः सर्वो ऽकारपरः॥९.७॥

okāramaḥ sarvo ’kāraparaḥ

aḥ, the whole of it, when followed by a, becomes o.

 

घोषवत्परश्च॥९.८॥

ghoṣavatparaśca

Also when followed by a sonant consonant.

 

अवर्णपूर्वस्तु लुप्यते॥९.९॥

avarṇapūrvastu lupyate

But visarjanīya, when preceded by an a-vowel, is omitted.

 

अथ स्वरपरो यकारम्॥९.१०॥

atha svaraparo yakāram

When followed by a vowel, it becomes y.

 

एकारो ऽयम्॥९.११॥

ekāro ’yam

e, before a vowel, becomes ay.

 

ओकारो ऽवम्॥९.१२॥

okāro ’vam

o becomes av.

 

नाकारपरौ॥९.१३॥

nākāraparau

But not, in either case, when followed by a.

 

ऐकार आयम्॥९.१४॥

aikāra āyam

ai becomes āy.

 

औकार आवम्॥९.१५॥

aukāra āvam

au becomes āv.

 

उकारो ऽपृक्तः प्रकृत्या वकारो ऽन्तरे॥९.१६॥

ukāro ’pṛktaḥ prakṛtyā vakāro ’ntare

An u, uncombined with a consonant, remains unchanged, and v is inserted between it and the following vowel.

 

न तत्तस्मात्साहितः॥९.१७॥

na tattasmātsām̐hitaḥ

But not in sam̐hitā-text, after tat and tasmāt.

 

ह्रस्वपूर्वो ङकारो द्विवर्णम्॥९.१८॥

hrasvapūrvo ṅakāro dvivarṇam

A ṅ, when preceded by a short vowel, is doubled.

 

नकारश्च॥९.१९॥

nakāraśca

As does also a n.

 

अनितिपरो ग्रहोख्ययाज्यापृष्ठ्यहिरण्यवर्णीयेष्वीकारोकारपूर्वो रेफमाकारपूर्वश्च यकारम्॥९.२०॥

anitiparo grahokhyayājyāpṛṣṭhyahiraṇyavarṇīyeṣvīkārokārapūrvo rephamākārapūrvaśca yakāram

In graha, ukhya, yājyā, pṛṣṭhya, and hiraṇyavarṇīya passages, a n preceded by ī or ū becomes r, preceded by ā becomes y, except before iti.

 

मर्त्यानुदयानमृतान्दुर्यानसोमपूर्वःसोअस्मानविमान्गोमान्मधुमान्हविष्मान्हूतमानार्षेचिकित्वानिडावान्कक्षीवान्बाणवान्हिपयस्वान्वशान्विदत्रानमित्रानरान्पोषान्महाश्च॥९.२१॥

martyānudayānamṛtānduryānasomapūrvaḥsoasmānavimāngomānmadhumānhaviṣmānhūtamānārṣecikitvāniḍāvānkakṣīvānbāṇavānhipayasvānvaśānvidatrānamitrānarānpoṣānmahām̐śca

Also in the words martyān, ud ayān, amṛtān, duryān not preceded by soma, so asmān, avimān, gomān, madhumān, haviṣmān, hūtamān before any vowel belonging to the text, cikitvān, iḍāvān, kakṣīvān, bāṇavān, hi payasvān, vaśān, vidatrān, amitrān, arān, poṣān, and mahān.

 

इन्द्रोमेऽकर्ऊढ्वमिहाप्येत्वगन्मेडेन्यानायजिष्ठआचर्त्वकुर्वतादुहददितिरग्रेऽधरान्त्सपत्नानलंपरश्च॥९.२२॥

indrome’karūḍhvamihāpyetvaganmeḍenyānāyajiṣṭhaācartvakurvatāduhadaditiragre’dharāntsapatnānalaṃparaśca

Also a n followed by indro me, akaḥ, ūḍhvam, ihā, apy etu, aganma, īḍenyān, āyajiṣṭhaḥ, ā ca, ṛtu, akurvata, aduhat, aditiḥ, agre, adharānt sapatnān, and alam.

 

न रश्मीञ्छ्रपयान्यमान्पतङ्गान्त्समानानर्चान्यजीयान्॥९.२३॥

na raśmīñchrapayānyamānpataṅgāntsamānānarcānyajīyān

The n of raśmīn, śrapayān, yamān, pataṅgān, samānān, arcān, yajīyān remains unchanged.

 

उदथापरश्चोदथापरश्च॥९.२४॥

udathāparaścodathāparaśca

Nor a n followed by ut or atha.

 

॥१०॥

अथैकमुभे॥१०.१॥

athaikamubhe

Now for the coalescence of two vowels into one.

 

दीर्घ समानाक्षरे सवर्णपरे॥१०.२॥

dīrgham̐ samānākṣare savarṇapare

In the case of a simple vowel, followed by a similar vowel, the product is long.

 

अथावर्णपूर्वे॥१०.३॥

athāvarṇapūrve

Now for cases in which an a-vowel stands first.

 

इवर्णपर एकारम्॥१०.४॥

ivarṇapara ekāram

When an i-vowel follows, the product is e.

 

उवर्णपर ओकारम्॥१०.५॥

uvarṇapara okāram

When an u-vowel follows, the product is o.

 

एकारैकारपर ऐकारम्॥१०.६॥

ekāraikārapara aikāram

When e or ai follows, the product is ai.

 

ओकारौकारपर औकारम्॥१०.७॥

okāraukārapara aukāram

When o or au follows, the product is au.

 

अरमृकारपरे॥१०.८॥

aramṛkārapare

When ṛ follows, the product is ar.

 

उपसर्गपूर्व आरम्॥१०.९॥

upasargapūrva āram

If a preposition precedes, the product is ār.

 

उदात्तमुदात्तवति॥१०.१०॥

udāttamudāttavati

When an acute enters into the combination, the result is acute.

 

अनुनासिके ऽनुनासिकम्॥१०.११॥

anunāsike ’nunāsikam

When a nasal, the result is nasal.

 

स्वरितानुदात्तसंनिपाते स्वरितम्॥१०.१२॥

svaritānudāttasaṃnipāte svaritam

When circumflex and grave are combined, the result is circumflex.

 

न धामापासिपरीबुध्नियाज्यापूषामिनन्तार्षे॥१०.१३॥

na dhāmāpāsiparībudhniyājyāpūṣāminantārṣe

Exceptions are dhā, mā, and pā, when followed by asi; also budhniyā, jyā, ā pūṣā, and aminanta --- before a vowel belonging to the text.

 

एष्टरेतनेमन्नोद्मन्नोष्ठेवःपरो लुप्यते॥१०.१४॥

eṣṭaretanemannodmannoṣṭhevaḥparo lupyate

When followed by eṣṭaḥ, etana, eman, odman, oṣṭha, or evaḥ, an a-vowel is elided.

 

इवर्णोकारौ यवकारौ॥१०.१५॥

ivarṇokārau yavakārau

An i-vowel and u become respectively y and v.

 

उदात्तयोश्च परो ऽनुदात्तः स्वरितम्॥१०.१६॥

udāttayośca paro ’nudāttaḥ svaritam

And, when they are acute, a following grave becomes circumflex.

 

ऊभावे च॥१०.१७॥

ūbhāve ca

Also when ū is the prduct of the combination.

 

न श्येती मिथुनी॥१०.१८॥

na śyetī mithunī

Exceptions are śyetī and mithunī.

 

लुप्येते त्ववर्णपूर्वौ यवकारौ॥१०.१९॥

lupyete tvavarṇapūrvau yavakārau

But y and v are elided, when preceded by an a-vowel.

 

नोख्यस्य॥१०.२०॥

nokhyasya

Not so, according to ukhya.

 

वकारस्तु सांकृत्यस्य॥१०.२१॥

vakārastu sāṃkṛtyasya

 Not v, according to sāṃkṛtya.

 

उकारौकारपरौ लुप्येते माचाकीयस्य॥१०.२२॥

ukāraukāraparau lupyete mācākīyasya

According to mācākīya, both are omitted when followed by u or o.

 

लेशो वात्सप्रस्यैतयोः॥१०.२३॥

leśo vātsaprasyaitayoḥ

According to vātsapra, they are imperceptibly uttered.

 

न प्लुतप्रग्रहौ॥१०.२४॥

na plutapragrahau

Exceptions are protracted and pragraha vowels.

 

परश्च परश्च॥१०.२५॥

paraśca paraśca

Also the remaining vowel.

 

॥११॥

लुप्यते त्वकार एकारौकारपूर्वः॥११.१॥

lupyate tvakāra ekāraukārapūrvaḥ

But a is elided when preceded by e or o.

 

अथालोपः॥११.२॥

athālopaḥ

Now follow cases of non-elision.

 

धातारातिरुपवाजपेयजुष्टश्येनायोख्यध्रुवक्षितिरियमेवसायाग्निर्मूर्धारुद्रप्रथमोपोत्तमविकर्षविहव्यहिरण्यवर्णीययाज्यामहापृष्ठ्ये॥११.३॥

dhātārātirupavājapeyajuṣṭaśyenāyokhyadhruvakṣitiriyamevasāyāgnirmūrdhārudraprathamopottamavikarṣavihavyahiraṇyavarṇīyayājyāmahāpṛṣṭhye

The a is not elided in the following sections: those beginning with dhātā rātiḥ and upa; those styled vājapeya; those beginning with juṣṭa and śyenāya; those styled ukhya; those beginning with dhruvakṣitiḥ, iyam eva sā yā, and agnir mūrdhā; the first and the next to the last of the rudra chapter; and those styled vikarṣa, vihavya, hiraṇyavarṇīya, yājyā, and mahāpṛṣṭhya.

 

अहसोहतिरनिष्टृतोऽवन्त्वस्मानवद्यादहनि च॥११.४॥

am̐hasom̐hatiraniṣṭṛto’vantvasmānavadyādahani ca

Also in am̐hasaḥ, am̐hatiḥ, aniṣṭṛtaḥ, avantv asmān, avadyāt, and ahani.

 

अनु घर्मासआपोमर्तोरथस्त्वोदत्तेवातःपूर्वः॥११.५॥

anu gharmāsaāpomartorathastvodattevātaḥpūrvaḥ

Also in anu, when preceded by gharmāsaḥ, āpaḥ, martaḥ, rathaḥ, tvaḥ, datte, and vātaḥ.

 

अभिवात्वपश्च॥११.६॥

abhivātvapaśca

Also (after vātaḥ) in abhi vātu and apaḥ.

 

अन्वगमच्च॥११.७॥

anvagamacca

Also (after apaḥ) in anu and agamat.

 

आपःपूर्वो ऽद्भिरपांनपादस्मान्॥११.८॥

āpaḥpūrvo ’dbhirapāṃnapādasmān

Also in adbhiḥ, apāṃ napāt, and asmān, when preceded by āpaḥ.

 

रायेसैन्द्रःपूर्वश्चाकारपरे॥११.९॥

rāyesaindraḥpūrvaścākārapare

In asmān, also, if followed by a, when rāye, saḥ, and indraḥ precede.

 

तेपूर्वो ऽद्यान्धोऽशुरग्ने॥११.१०॥

tepūrvo ’dyāndho’m̐śuragne

Also in adya, andhaḥ, am̐śuḥ, and agne, when te precedes.

 

मेपूर्वश्च॥११.११॥

mepūrvaśca

In agne, also, when preceded by me.

 

अस्याश्विनापरा च॥११.१२॥

asyāśvināparā ca

As also, in asya, aśvinā, and aparā.

 

नःपूर्वो ऽसदग्निरघान्तमोऽभ्यस्मिन्नद्यपथि॥११.१३॥

naḥpūrvo ’sadagniraghāntamo’bhyasminnadyapathi

Also in asat, agniḥ, agha, antamaḥ, abhi, asmin, and adya pathi, when preceded by naḥ.

 

नमःपूर्वो ऽग्रेऽश्वेभ्योऽग्रियाय॥११.१४॥

namaḥpūrvo ’gre’śvebhyo’griyāya

Also in agre, aśvebhyaḥ, and agriyāya, when preceded by namaḥ.

 

आविन्नःसोमःपूर्वो ऽग्निपरः॥११.१५॥

āvinnaḥsomaḥpūrvo ’gniparaḥ

Also when āvinnaḥ or somaḥ precedes and agni follows.

 

धीरासोऽदब्धासएकादशासऋषीणांपुत्रःशार्यातेऽषाढःपितारःपृथिवीयज्ञआसतेयेगृह्णाम्यग्रेवाएषजज्ञेसस्फानोयुवयोर्यःपृष्ठेपतिर्वेगोशुष्मःपुवःसमिद्धऋषभःपाथोवचोवर्षिष्ठेजुषाणोयोरुद्रोवृष्णाःपूर्वः॥११.१६॥

dhīrāso’dabdhāsaekādaśāsaṛṣīṇāṃputraḥśāryāte‘ṣāḍhaḥpitāraḥpṛthivīyajñaāsateyegṛhṇāmyagrevām̐eṣajajñesam̐sphānoyuvayoryaḥpṛṣṭhepatirvegośuṣmaḥpuvaḥsamiddhaṛṣabhaḥpāthovacaovarṣiṣṭhejuṣāṇoyorudrovṛṣṇaḥpūrvaḥ

Also a is retained when preceded by dhīrāsaḥ, adabdhāsaḥ, ekādaśāsaḥ, ṛṣīṇāṃ putraḥ, śāryāte ’ṣāḍhaḥ, pitāraḥ, pṛthivī yajñe, āsate ye, gṛhṇāmy agre, vām̐ eṣaḥ, jajñe, sam̐sphānaḥ, yuvayor yaḥ, pṛṣṭhe, patir vaḥ, go, śuṣmaḥ, puvaḥ, samiddhaḥ, ṛṣabhaḥ, pāthaḥ, vacaḥ, varṣiṣṭhe, juṣāṇo, yo rudraḥ, or vṛṣṇaḥ.

 

अरतिमस्ययज्ञस्यातिद्रुतोऽतियन्त्यनृणोऽविष्यन्ननमीवोऽन्नेष्वर्चिरजीतानज्यानिमह्नियाअम्बाल्यर्वन्तमस्त्वकृणोदङ्गिरोऽप्सुयोअस्कभायदच्युतोऽश्वसनिरस्थभिरशिश्रेदङ्गेऽघ्निय॥११.१७॥

aratimasyayajñasyātidruto’tiyantyanṛṇo’viṣyannanamīvo’nneṣvarcirajītānajyānimahniyāambālyarvantamastvakṛṇodaṅgiro’psuyoaskabhāyadacyuto’śvasanirasthabhiraśiśredaṅge’ghniya

Also in aratim, asya yajñasya, atidrutaḥ, atiyanti, anṛṇaḥ, aviṣyan, anamīvaḥ, anneṣu, arciḥ, ajītān, ajyānim, ahniyāḥ, ambāli, arvantam, astu, akṛṇot, aṅgiraḥ, apsu yaḥ, askabhāyat, acyutaḥ, aśvasaniḥ, asthabhiḥ, aśiśret, aṅge, and aghniya.

 

अध्वर स्वरपरे॥११.१८॥

adhvara svarapare

Also in adhvara, when a vowel follows [the r].

 

स पूर्वस्यार्धसदृशमेकेषामर्धस्दृशमेकेषाम्॥११.१९॥

sa pūrvasyārdhasadṛśamekeṣāmardhasdṛśamekeṣām

In the opinion of some, it becomes half-similar with its predecessor.

 

॥१२॥

अथ लोपः॥१२.१॥

atha lopaḥ

Now for cases of elision.

 

असि॥१२.२॥

asi

The a of asi is elided.

 

न गर्भःसंनद्धोयमोभद्रःपूर्वः॥१२.३॥

na garbhaḥsaṃnaddhoyamobhadraḥpūrvaḥ

But not when garbhaḥ, saṃnaddhaḥ, yamaḥ, or bhadraḥ precedes.

 

यवनहपरः स्वरपरेषु॥१२.४॥

yavanahaparaḥ svarapareṣu

a is elided before y, v, n, and h, when these are followed by a vowel.

 

जकारग्नपर उदात्तः॥१२.५॥

 jakāragnapara udāttaḥ

Before j and gn, a is elided if acute.

 

मोवचोदधानस्थेपूर्वश्च॥१२.६॥

movacodadhānasthepūrvaśca

Before gn, also when preceded by maḥ, vacaḥ, dadhānaḥ, and sthe.

 

अभ्यावर्तिन्नपूपमपिदधाम्यद्यान्वदितिःशर्माग्नेर्जिह्वामग्नयःपप्रयोऽस्माकमस्मेधत्ताश्माश्वाश्रुतिरश्यामामार्यमन्नस्मत्पाशानस्मिन्यज्ञेऽस्ताव्यथमानाभिद्रोहमधाय्यदोऽथोऽदुग्धाअरिष्टाअरथाअर्चन्त्यन्तरस्या॥१२.७॥

abhyāvartinnapūpamapidadhāmyadyānvaditiḥśarmāgnerjihvāmagnayaḥpaprayo’smākamasmedhattāśmāśvāśrutiraśyāmāmāryamannasmatpāśānasminyajñe’stāvyathamānābhidrohamadhāyyado’tho’dugdhāariṣṭāarathāarcantyantarasyā

The a is elided in abhyāvartin, apūpam, api dadhāmi, adyānu, aditiḥ, śarma, agner, jihvām, agnayaḥ, paprayaḥ, asmākam, asme dhatta, aśmā, aśvā wherever found, aśyāma, amā, aryaman, asmatpāśān, asmin yajñe, astā, avyathamānā, abhidroham, adhāyi, adaḥ, atho, adugdhāḥ, ariṣṭāḥ, arathāḥ, arcanti, antar asyām, atra stha, annāya, aṅgirasvat, and akaram.

 

गाहमानोजायमानोहेतयोमन्यमानोवनस्पतिभ्यःपतेस्रिधस्तपसःस्वधावोभामितोऽग्नयआयोऽध्वर्योक्रतोपूर्वः॥१२.८॥

gāhamānojāyamānohetayomanyamānovanaspatibhyaḥpatesridhastapasaḥsvadhāvobhāmito’gnayaāyo’dhvaryokratopūrvaḥ

An a is elided when preceded by gāhamānaḥ, jāyamānaḥ ketayaḥ, manyamānaḥ, vanaspatibhyaḥ, pate, sridhaḥ, tapasaḥ, svadhāvaḥ, bhāmitaḥ, agnayaḥ, āyo, adhvaryo, and krato.

 

तस्मिन्ननुदात्ते पूर्व उदात्तः स्वरितम्॥१२.९॥

tasminnanudātte pūrva udāttaḥ svaritam

When the elided a is grave, the preceding dipthong, if acute, becomes circumflex.

 

उदात्ते चानुदात्त उदात्तम्॥१२.१०॥

udātte cānudātta udāttam

When it is acute, the preceding dipthong, if grave, becomes acute.

 

स्वरितश्च सर्वत्र स्वरितश्च सर्वत्र॥१२.११॥

svaritaśca sarvatra svaritaśca sarvatra

As also, in every case, if circumflex.

 

॥१३॥

अथ मकारलोपः॥१३.१॥

atha makāralopaḥ

Now for the omission of m.

 

रेफोष्मपरः॥१३.२॥

rephoṣmaparaḥ

A m is omitted, when followed by r or a spirant.

 

यवकारपरश्चैकेषामाचार्याणाम्॥१३.३॥

yavakāraparaścaikeṣāmācāryāṇām

As also, according to some teachers, when followed by y or v.

 

न ससामिति रापरः॥१३.४॥

na sam̐sāmiti rāparaḥ

But not the m of sam and sām, when followed by rā.

 

अथ वर्णानाम्॥१३.५॥

atha varṇānām

Now of individual sounds.

 

ऋकारर्काररषपूर्वो नकारो णकार समानपदे॥१३.६॥

ṛkārarkāraraṣapūrvo nakāro ṇakāram̐ samānapade

Within the same word, a n preceded by ṛ, r̥̄, r, or ṣ, becomes ṇ.

 

व्यवेतो ऽपि॥१३.७॥

vyaveto ’pi

Even though other sounds are interposed.

 

हिरण्मयम्॥१३.८॥

hiraṇmayam

Also in hiraṇmayam.

 

पाणिगणपुण्यकण्वकाणगाणबाणवेणुगुणमणिप्रवादेषु पूर्वः॥१३.९॥

pāṇigaṇapuṇyakaṇvakāṇagāṇabāṇaveṇuguṇamaṇipravādeṣu pūrvaḥ

Also, in the inflectional and derivative forms of pāṇi, gaṇa, puṇya, kaṇva, kāṇa, gāṇa, bāṇa, veṇu, guṇa, and maṇi, the first nasal is ṇ.

 

पणिपणिंवीयमणऊण्योः॥१३.१०॥

paṇipaṇiṃvīyamaṇaūṇyoḥ

Also in paṇi, paṇim, vīyamāṇaḥ, and ūṇyoḥ.

 

टवर्गपरः॥१३.११॥

ṭavargaparaḥ

Also before a lingual mute.

 

चङ्कुणफणत्स्थूणौहिणुयाद्धिणोतिकौणेयोऽणिष्टाउल्बणमुगणाश्रुतिश्चुपुणीकाबाणिजायानवश्चाट्‌णारस्थाणुंतूणवेवीणायामश्लोणयापणेतवाणीःकल्याणीकुणपंवाणःशतशोणाश्रुतिर्धाणिकामेणी॥१३.१२॥

caṅkuṇaphaṇatsthūṇauhiṇuyāddhiṇotikauṇeyo’aṇiṣṭhāulbaṇamugaṇāśrutiścupuṇīkābāṇijāyāṇavaścāṭṇārasthāṇuṃ tūṇavevīṇāyāmaśloṇayāpaṇetavāṇīḥkalyāṇīkuṇapaṃvāṇaḥśataśoṇāśrutirdhāṇikāmeṇī

Also in caṅkuṇa, phaṇat, sthūṇau, hiṇuyāt, hiṇoti, kauṇeyaḥ, aṇiṣṭhāḥ, ulbaṇam, ugaṇā wherever found, cupuṇīkā, bāṇijāya, aṇavaś ca, āṭṇāraḥ, sthāṇum, tūṇave, vīṇāyām, aśloṇayā, paṇeta, vāṇīḥ, kalyāṇī, kuṇapam, vāṇaḥ śata, śoṇā wherever found, dhāṇikā, and meṇī.

 

अवग्रहो वृषण्छीर्षण्ब्रह्मणक्षण्चर्मण्चर्षण्॥१३.१३॥

avagraho vṛṣaṇchīrṣaṇbrahmaṇakṣaṇcarmaṇcarṣaṇ

As final of the former member of a compound, ṇ is found in vṛṣaṇ, śīrṣaṇ, brahmaṇ, akṣaṇ, carmaṇ, and carṣaṇ.

 

ऋणषणष्णम्णराव्ण चेति प्राकृताः॥१३.१४॥

ṛṇaṣaṇaṣṇamṇarāvṇa ceti prākṛtāḥ

Also in ṛṇṇ, ṣaṇṇ, ṣṇ, mṇ, and rāvṇ --- these are original. >

 

न षुम्नो ऽग्निर्युष्मानीतो ऽन्तो ऽलोपात्स्पर्शपरो व्यवायेषु शसचटतवर्जीयेषु॥१३.१५॥

na ṣumno ’gniryuṣmānīto ’nto ’lopātsparśaparo vyavāyeṣu śasacaṭatavarjīyeṣu

But not in ṣumna, agni, and yuṣmānīta; nor when final; nor after the omission of an a; nor when followed by a mute; nor when ś, s, or a palatal, lingual, or labial mute intervenes.

 

पृक्तस्वरात्परो लो डं पौष्करसादेः पौष्करसादेः॥१३.१६॥

pṛktasvarātparo lo ḍaṃ pauṣkarasādeḥ pauṣkarasādeḥ

In the opinion of pauṣkarasādi, l after a mixed vowel becomes ḍ.

 

॥१४॥

स्वरपूर्वं व्यञ्जनं द्विवर्णं व्यञ्जनपरम्॥१४.१॥

svarapūrvaṃ vyañjanaṃ dvivarṇaṃ vyañjanaparam

A consonant preceded by a vowel is doubled, if followed by a consonant.

 

लवकारपूर्व स्पर्शश्च पौष्करसादेः॥१४.२॥

lavakārapūrva sparśaśca pauṣkarasādeḥ

Likewise, according to pauṣkarasādi, a mute preceded by l or v.

 

स्पर्श एवैकेषामाचार्याणाम्॥१४.३॥

sparśa evaikeṣāmācāryāṇām

According to some teachers, the mute only.

 

रेफात्परं॥१४.४॥

rephātparaṃ

Also a consonant that follows r.

 

द्वितीयचतुर्थयोस्तु व्यञ्जनोत्तरयोः पूर्वः॥१४.५॥

Verse: 5    dvitīyacaturthayostu vyañjanottarayoḥ pūrvaḥ

In place, however, of second and fourth mutes, when followed by consonants, is put the preceding mute.

 

रेफपूर्वयोश्च नित्यम्॥१४.६॥

rephapūrvayośca nityam

As also, in all cases, when they follow r.

 

लकारपूर्वे च॥१४.७॥

lakārapūrve ca

And when l precedes.

 

उपसर्गपाथएषोऽत्यातिधामपरमभूतेपूर्वेषु छखिभुजेषु च॥१४.८॥

upasargapāthaeṣo’tyātidhāmaparamabhūtepūrveṣu chakhibhujeṣu ca

Also the preceding mute is inserted before ch, khi, and bhuja, when these follow either a preposition, pātha eṣaḥ, ati, āti, dhāma, parama or bhūte.

 

अघोषादूष्मणः परः प्रथमो ऽभिनिधान स्पर्शपरात्तस्य सस्थानः॥१४.९॥

aghoṣādūṣmaṇaḥ paraḥ prathamo ’bhinidhāna sparśaparāttasya sasthānaḥ

After a surd spirant followed by a mute is inserted a first mute of the same position with the latter, as abhinidhāna.

 

अघोषे प्लाक्षेः॥१४.१०॥

aghoṣe plākṣeḥ

According to plākṣi, when the following mute is surd.

 

उत्तमपरात्तु प्लाक्षायणस्य॥१४.११॥

uttamaparāttu plākṣāyaṇasya

But according to plākṣāyaṇa, on the contrary, when the following mute is a nasal.

 

प्रथम ऊष्मपरो द्वितीयम्॥१४.१२॥

prathama ūṣmaparo dvitīyam

A first mute followed by a spirant is changed into its corresponding aspirate.

 

बाडभीकारस्यासस्थानपरः॥१४.१३॥

bāḍabhīkārasyāsasthānaparaḥ

According to bāḍabhikāra, when the following spirant is not of the same position with it.

 

अथ न॥१४.१४॥

atha na

Now for exceptons.

 

अवसाने रविसर्जनीयजिह्वामूलीयोपध्मानीयाः॥१४.१५॥

avasāne ravisarjanīyajihvāmūlīyopadhmānīyāḥ

A consonant before a pause is not doubled; nor r, visarjanīya, jihvāmūlīya, or upadhmānīya.

 

ऊष्मा स्वरपरः॥१४.१६॥

ūṣmā svaraparaḥ

Nor a spirant, when followed by a vowel.

 

प्रथमपरश्च प्लाक्षिप्लाक्षायणयोः॥१४.१७॥

prathamaparaśca plākṣiplākṣāyaṇayoḥ

Or, according to plākṣi and plākṣāyaṇa, when followed by a first mute.

 

ऊष्माघोषो हारीतस्य॥१४.१८॥

ūṣmāghoṣo hārītasya

According to hārīta, a surd spirant is not doubled.

 

रेफपरश्च हकारः॥१४.१९॥

rephaparaśca hakāraḥ

Nor h, when followed by r.

 

टवर्गश्च तवर्गपरः॥१४.२०॥

ṭavargaśca tavargaparaḥ

Nor a lingual mute, when followed by a dental.

 

लतवर्गौ यवकारपरौ॥१४.२१॥

latavargau yavakāraparau

Nor l nor a dental mute, when followed by y or v.

 

परश्च॥१४.२२॥

paraśca

Nor the following.

 

सवर्णसवर्गीयपरः॥१४.२३॥

savarṇasavargīyaparaḥ

A letter followed by one homogeneous with itself, or one of the same mute-series, is not duplicated.

 

नानुत्तम उत्तमपरः॥१४.२४॥

nānuttama uttamaparaḥ

Unless, indeed, it be a non-nasal followed by a nasal.

 

अथैकेषामाचार्याणाम्॥१४.२५॥

athaikeṣāmācāryāṇām

Now for the views of certain teachers.

 

लकारो हशवकारपरः॥१४.२६॥

lakāro haśavakāraparaḥ

A l is not doubled when followed by h, ś, or v.

 

स्पर्श स्पर्शपरः॥१४.२७॥

sparśa sparśaparaḥ

Nor a mute that is followed by a mute.

 

पदान्तश्च व्यञ्जनपरः प्राकृतः॥१४.२८॥

padāntaśca vyañjanaparaḥ prākṛtaḥ

Nor an original final that is followed by a consonant.

 

उदात्तात्परो ऽनुदात्तः स्वरितम्॥१४.२९॥

udāttātparo ’nudāttaḥ svaritam

A grave following an acute becomes circumflex.

 

व्यञ्जनान्तर्हितो ऽपि॥१४.३०॥

vyañjanāntarhito ’pi

Even when consonants intervene.

 

नोदात्तस्वरितपरः॥१४.३१॥

nodāttasvaritaparaḥ

Not, however, when an acute or circumflex follows.

 

नाग्निवेश्यायनस्य॥१४.३२॥

nāgniveśyāyanasya

Not so, according to āgniveśyāyana.

 

सर्वो नेत्येके सर्वो नेत्येके॥१४.३३॥

sarvo netyeke sarvo netyeke

Some say not, in all cases.

 

॥१५॥

नकारस्य रेफोष्मयकारभावाल्लुप्ते च मलोपाच्च पूर्वस्वरो ऽनुनास्कः॥१५.१॥

nakārasya rephoṣmayakārabhāvāllupte ca malopācca pūrvasvaro ’nunāskaḥ

In case of the conversion of n into r, a spirant, or y --- also when the y is omitted --- or in case of the omission of m, the preceding vowel becomes nasal.

 

नैकेषाम्॥१५.२॥

naikeṣām

Some deny this.

 

ततस्त्वनुस्वारः॥१५.३॥

tatastvanusvāraḥ

And claim that, on the contrary, anusvāra is inserted after the vowel.

 

स्रादिषु चैकपद ऊष्मपरः॥१५.४॥

srādiṣu caikapada ūṣmaparaḥ

anusvāra is also inserted in the case of sra etc., in a single word, before a spirant.

 

नान्तविकारात्पूर्वः॥१५.५॥

nāntavikārātpūrvaḥ

Not before an altered final.

 

अप्रग्रहाः समानाक्षराण्यनुनासिकान्येकेषाम्॥१५.६॥

apragrahāḥ samānākṣarāṇyanunāsikānyekeṣām

According to some authorities, the simple vowels, except the pragrahas, are nasalized.

 

पदं च प्लुत शाङ्खायनकाण्डमायनयोः॥१५.७॥

padaṃ ca plutam̐ śāṅkhāyanakāṇḍamāyanayoḥ

As is also, according to śāṅkhāyana and kāṇḍamāyana, a protracted pada.

 

अकारस्तु सहितायामपि॥१५.८॥

akārastu sam̐hitāyāmapi

An a, however, is nasalized in sam̐hitā also.

 

सर्वमेकयमं पूर्वेषा सर्वमेकयमं पूर्वेषाम्॥१५.९॥

sarvamekayamaṃ pūrveṣām̐ sarvamekayamaṃ pūrveṣām

According to the former ones, all is of one pitch

 

॥१६॥

अथ सकारपराः॥१६.१॥

atha sakāraparāḥ

Now for cases in which s follows.

 

स्रशोहपाश पदादयः स्वरपरे॥१६.२॥

sraśohapāśa padādayaḥ svarapare

sra, śo, ha, pā, and śa, at the beginning of a pada, take anusvāra before a s that is followed by a vowel.

 

विकृते ऽपि॥१६.३॥

vikṛte ’pi

Even when the vowel is altered.

 

रापूर्वश्च॥१६.४॥

rāpūrvaśca

As also, when they are preceded by ra.

 

शस्तानन्तोदात्ते॥१६.५॥

śam̐stānantodātte

Also in śam̐stā, except when it is accented on the final syllable.

 

अशसन्॥१६.६॥

aśam̐san

Also in aśam̐san.

 

न शसनं विशसनेन॥१६.७॥

na śasanaṃ viśasanena

But not in śasanam and viśasanena.

 

मा पदादिरनुदात्तः॥१६.८॥

mā padādiranudāttaḥ

mā takes anusvāra when beginning a pada and unaccented.

 

पुमीपूर्वश् नित्यम्॥१६.९॥

pumīpūrvaś nityam

As also when preceded by pu or mī, under all circumstances.

 

सकायपरश्च॥१६.१०॥

sakāyaparaśca

And when followed by sakāya.

 

नावग्रहपूर्वः॥१६.११॥

nāvagrahapūrvaḥ

But not when preceded by a former member of a compound.

 

मासिमासुमासोमासामिति च॥१६.१२॥

māsimāsumāsomāsāmiti ca

Nor in māsi, māsu, māsaḥ, or māsām.

 

हिपुजिगाजिघाछसिनेऽतसयदातासीत्कनीयाज्यायाद्राघीयारघीयाश्रेयाह्रसीयावसीयाभूयासोजक्षिवाजघ्निवाजिगिवाजीगिवातस्थिवादाश्वादीदिवापपिवापीपिवाविद्वाविविशिवाशुश्रुवाससृवा॥१६.१३॥

hipujigājighācham̐sine’tam̐sayadātām̐sītkanīyājyāyādrāghīyāraghīyāśreyāhrasīyāvasīyābhūyām̐sojakṣivājaghnivājigivājīgivātasthivādāśvādīdivāpapivāpīpivāvidvāviviśivāśuśruvāsasṛvā

The following words have anusvāra before s: hi, pu, jigā, jighā, cham̐sine, atam̐sayat, ātām̐sīt, kanīyā, jyāyā, drāghīyā, raghīyā, śreyā, hrasīyā, vasīyā, bhūyām̐saḥ, jakṣivā, jaghnivā, jigivā, jīgivā, tasthivā, dāśvā, dīdivā, papivā, pīpivā, vidvā, viviśivā, śuśruvā, sasṛvā.

 

आकारेकारोकाराः सिषिपराः पदान्तयोः॥१६.१४॥

ākārekārokārāḥ siṣiparāḥ padāntayoḥ

The vowels ā, ī, and ū have anusvāra, when they are followed by si or ṣi final.

 

विकृते ऽपि॥१६.१५॥

vikṛte ’pi

Even when the i is altered.

 

अनाकारो ह्रस्व सांकृत्यस्य॥१६.१६॥

anākāro hrasvam̐ sāṃkṛtyasya

According to sāṃkṛtya, the vowel, except ā, is short.

 

न पदे द्विस्वरे नित्यम्‌॥१६.१७॥

na pade dvisvare nityam

Not, under any circumstances, in a dissylabic word.

 

ऋजीषिजिगासिजिघास्यजासियजासिददासिदधासिवर्तयासि च॥१६.१८॥

ṛjīṣijigāsijighāsyajāsiyajāsidadāsidadhāsivartayāsi ca

Nor in ṛjīṣi, jigāsi, jighāsi, ajāsi, yajāsi, dadāsi, dadhāsi, and vartayāsi.

 

दसनाभ्योदसोभिर्दसंवृषदशोदशुकादष्ट्राभ्यां परः॥१६.१९॥

dam̐sanābhyodam̐sobhirdam̐saṃvṛṣadam̐śodam̐śukādam̐ṣṭrābhyāṃ paraḥ

In dam̐sanābhyaḥ, dam̐sobhiḥ, dam̐sam , vṛṣadam̐śaḥ, dam̐śukā, and dam̐ṣṭrābhyām, anusvāra is taken in the latter place.

 

मस्येमसतैयसद्यसन्वसतेवसगः॥१६.२०॥

mam̐syemam̐sataiyam̐sadyam̐sanvam̐satevam̐sagaḥ

Also in mam̐sye, mam̐satai, yam̐sad, yam̐san, vam̐sate, and am̐sagaḥ.

 

उन्न वशम्॥१६.२१॥

unna vam̐śam

Also in vam̐śam, after ut or na.

 

अक्रस्तक्रस्यतेरस्यतेभ्रशते॥१६.२२॥

akram̐stakram̐syateram̐syatebhram̐śate

Also in akram̐sta, kram̐syate, ram̐syate, and bhram̐śate.

 

रह्यै च॥१६.२३॥

ram̐hyai ca

And also in ram̐hyai.

 

ऐकार उख्यस्य नितान्तः॥१६.२४॥

aikāra ukhyasya nitāntaḥ

The ai, according to ukhya, is excessive.

 

विरित्रि संख्यासु॥१६.२५॥

viritri saṃkhyāsu

Also in vi, ri, and tri, in numerals, except in su.

 

शिशुमारःशिषत्सश्वासस्राससृष्टसस्कृत्यसकृतसशितसशिताकिशिलकिशिला॥१६.२६॥

śim̐śumāraḥśim̐ṣatsam̐śvāsam̐srāsam̐sṛṣṭasam̐skṛtyasam̐kṛtasam̐śitasam̐śitākim̐śilakim̐śilā

Also in śim̐śumāraḥ, śim̐ṣat, sam̐śvā, sam̐srā, sam̐sṛṣṭa, sam̐skṛtya sam̐kṛta, sam̐śita, sam̐śitā, kim̐śila, and kim̐śilā.

 

सितृदृ हकारपरः॥१६.२७॥

sitṛdṛ hakāraparaḥ

Also after si, tṛ, or dṛ, when h follows.

 

महिष्ठस्य च॥१६.२८॥

mam̐hiṣṭhasya ca

As also, in mam̐hiṣṭhasya.

 

आदिरहतिरहोऽहोरहोमुगत्यहाअहसोऽहसाशमशुभिरशभुवाश्वशूअशवोऽशुरशुमशूनशुनाशोरशायोपाश्वशौ॥१६.२९॥

ādiram̐hatiram̐ho’m̐horam̐homugatyam̐hāam̐haso’m̐hasām̐śamam̐śubhiram̐śabhuvām̐śvam̐śūam̐śavo’m̐śuram̐śumam̐śūnam̐śunām̐śoram̐śāyopām̐śvam̐śau

Also, after the first vowel, in am̐hatiḥ, am̐haḥ, am̐hoḥ, am̐homuc, atyam̐hāḥ, am̐hasaḥ, am̐hasā, am̐śam, am̐śubhiḥ, am̐śabhuvā, am̐śu, am̐śū, am̐śavaḥ, am̐śuḥ, am̐śum, am̐śūn, am̐śunā, am̐śoḥ, am̐śāya, upām̐śu, and am̐śau

 

अवग्रह उदात्तो ऽसे ऽसायासाभ्यामसाविति॥१६.३०॥

avagraha udātto ’m̐se ’m̐sāyām̐sābhyāmam̐sāviti

Also in am̐se, am̐sāya, am̐sābhyām, and am̐sau, when accented on the first syllable.

 

नासावा नासावा॥१६.३१॥

nāsāvā nāsāvā

But not in asāv ā.

 

॥१७॥

तीव्रतरमानुनासिक्यमनुस्वारोत्तमेष्विति शैत्यायनः॥१७.१॥

tīvrataramānunāsikyamanusvārottameṣviti śaityāyanaḥ

śaityāyana says that the nasal quality is stronger in anusvāra and the nasal mutes.

 

सम सर्वत्रेति कौहलीपुत्रः॥१७.२॥

samam̐ sarvatreti kauhalīputraḥ

kauhalīputra says that it is the same everywhere.

 

अनुस्वारे ऽण्विति भारद्वाजः॥१७.३॥

anusvāre ’ṇviti bhāradvājaḥ

bhāradvāja says it is faint in anusvāra.

 

नाकारस्य रेफोष्मयकारभावाल्लुप्ते च मलोपाच्चोत्तरमुत्तरं तीत्रतरमिति स्थविरः कौण्डिन्यः॥१७.४॥

nākārasya rephoṣmayakārabhāvāllupte ca malopāccottaramuttaraṃ tītrataramiti sthaviraḥ kauṇḍinyaḥ

Old kauṇḍinya says that when n is converted into r, or into a spirant, or into y (with loss of the y), or when m is lost, it is stronger in each case successively.

 

व्यञ्जनकालश्च स्वरस्यात्राधिकः॥१७.५॥

 vyañjanakālaśca svarasyātrādhikaḥ

And to the vowel is added, in this case, the time of a consonant.

 

स्वारविक्रमयोर्दृढप्रयत्नतरः पौष्करसादेः॥१७.६॥

svāravikramayordṛḍhaprayatnataraḥ pauṣkarasādeḥ

pauṣkarasādi says the utterance of svāra and vikrama is attended with firmer effort.

 

प्रयत्नविशेषात्सर्ववर्णानामिति शैत्यायनः॥१७.७॥

prayatnaviśeṣātsarvavarṇānāmiti śaityāyanaḥ

śaityāyana says, of all the letters, according to their difference of effort.

 

नातिव्यक्तं न चाव्यक्तमेवं वर्णानुदिङ्गयेत्।

पयःपूर्णमिवामत्र हरन्धिरो यथामति॥

इत्यात्रेय आत्रेयः॥१७.८॥

nātivyaktaṃ na cāvyaktamevaṃ varṇānudiṅgayet

payaḥpūrṇamivāmatram̐ harandhiro yathāmati

ityātreya ātreyaḥ

ātreya says, one must utter the sounds not over-distinctly and not indistinctly; taking, as it were, a vessel filled with drink, steady, according to the sense.

 

॥१८॥

ओकारं तु प्रणव एके ऽर्धतृतीयमात्रं ब्रुवते॥१८.१॥

okāraṃ tu praṇava eke ’rdhatṛtīyamātraṃ bruvate

As praṇava, some utter o with two and a half moras.

 

उदात्तानुदात्तस्वरितानां कस्मिश्चिदिति शैत्यायनः॥१८.२॥

udāttānudāttasvaritānāṃ kasmim̐ściditi śaityāyanaḥ

śaityāyana says it is to be utterd with either one of acute, grave, or circumflex.

 

धृतप्रचयः कौण्डिन्यस्य॥१८.३॥

dhṛtapracayaḥ kauṇḍinyasya

According to kauṇḍinya, it is a sustained pracaya.

 

मध्यमेन स वाक्प्रयोगः॥१८.४॥

madhyamena sa vākprayogaḥ

That application of the voice is with middle tone.

 

स्वरितः प्लाक्षिप्लाक्षायणयोः॥१८.५॥

svaritaḥ plākṣiplākṣāyaṇayoḥ

According to plākṣi and plākṣāyaṇa, it is circumflexed.

 

उदात्तो वाल्मीकेः॥१८.६॥

udātto vālmīkeḥ

According to vālmīki, it is acute.

 

यथाप्रयोगं वा सर्वेषां यथाप्रयोगं वा सर्वेषाम्॥१८.७॥

yathāprayogaṃ vā sarveṣāṃ yathāprayogaṃ vā sarveṣām

All allow that it may also be according to the application.

 

॥१९॥

स्वरितयोर्मध्ये यत्र नीच स्यादुदात्तयोर्वान्यतरतो वोदात्तस्वरितयोः स विक्रमः॥१९.१॥

svaritayormadhye yatra nīcam̐ syādudāttayorvānyatarato vodāttasvaritayoḥ sa vikramaḥ

Where a syllable of low tone occurs between two circumflex syllables, or two acute, or two of which either one is acute and the other circumflex, that is vikrama.

 

प्रचयपूर्वश्च कौण्डिन्यस्य॥१९.२॥

pracayapūrvaśca kauṇḍinyasya

As also, according to kauṇḍinya, when a pracaya precedes.

 

द्वियम एके द्वियमपरे ता अणुमात्राः॥१९.३॥

dviyama eke dviyamapare tā aṇumātrāḥ

According to some, in a circumflex syllable that is followed by a circumflex, quarter moras are so.

 

तस्यामेव प्रकृतौ॥१९.४॥

tasyāmeva prakṛtau

In that very material.

 

न पूर्वशास्त्रे न पूर्वशास्त्रे॥१९.५॥

na pūrvaśāstre na pūrvaśāstre

Not in the former teaching.

 

॥२०॥

इवर्णोकारयोर्यवकारभावे क्षैप्र उदात्तयोः॥२०.१॥

ivarṇokārayoryavakārabhāve kṣaipra udāttayoḥ

When i, ī, and u are converted into y or v, the accent is kṣaipra, if they were acute.

 

सयकारवकारं त्वक्षरं यत्र स्वर्यते स्थिते पदे ऽनुदात्तपूर्वे ऽपूर्वे वा नित्य इत्येव जानीयात्॥२०.२॥

sayakāravakāraṃ tvakṣaraṃ yatra svaryate sthite pade ’nudāttapūrve ’pūrve vā nitya ityeva jānīyāt

But where a syllable containing a y or v is circumflexed in a fixed word, begin preceded by a grave syllable, or not preceded by anything, that is to be known as nitya.

 

अपि चेन्नानापदस्थमुदात्तमथ चेत्साहितेन स्वर्यते स प्रातिहतः॥२०.३॥

api cennānāpadasthamudāttamatha cetsām̐hitena svaryate sa prātihataḥ

If, moreover, there is an acute standing in another word, then, if there be a circumflex resulting from a rule of combination, it is prātihata.

 

तस्मादकारलोपे ऽभिनिहतः॥२०.४॥

tasmādakāralope ’bhinihataḥ

After such a one, in case of the loss of an a, it is abhinihata.

 

ऊभावे प्रश्लिष्टः॥२०.५॥

ūbhāve praśliṣṭaḥ

Where an ū results, it is praśliṣṭa.

 

पदविवृत्त्यां पादवृत्तः॥२०.६॥

padavivṛttyāṃ pādavṛttaḥ

Where there is a hiatus between two words, it is pādavṛtta.

 

उदात्तपूर्वस्तैरोव्यञ्जनः॥२०.७॥

udāttapūrvastairovyañjanaḥ

Where an acute precedes, it is tairovyañjana.

 

इति स्वारनामधेयानि॥२०.६॥

iti svāranāmadheyāni

These are the names of the circumflex accents.

 

क्षैप्रनित्ययोर्दृढतरः॥२०.९॥

kṣaipranityayordṛḍhataraḥ

In the kṣaipra and nitya, the effort is firmer.

 

अभिनिहते च॥२०.१०॥

abhinihate ca

As also in the abhinihata.

 

प्रश्लिष्टप्रातिहतयोर्मृदुतरः॥२०.११॥

praśliṣṭaprātihatayormṛdutaraḥ

In the praśliṣṭa and prātihata, it is gentler.

 

तैरोव्यञ्जनपादवृत्तयोरल्पतरो ऽल्पतरः॥२०.१२॥

tairovyañjanapādavṛttayoralpataro ’lpataraḥ

In the tairovyañjana and pādavṛtta, it is feebler.

 

॥२१॥

व्यञ्जन स्वराङ्गम्॥२१.१॥

vyañjanam̐ svarāṅgam

The consonant is adjunct of a vowel.

 

तत्परस्वरम्॥२१.२॥

tatparasvaram

And it belongs to the following vowel.

 

अवसितं पूर्वस्य॥२१.३॥

avasitaṃ pūrvasya

A consonant in pausa belongs to the preceding vowels.

 

संयोगादि॥२१.४॥

saṃyogādi

Also the first consonant of a group.

 

परेण चासहितम्॥२१.५॥

pareṇa cāsam̐hitam

And one that is not combined with the following vowel.

 

अनुस्वारः स्वरभक्तिश्च॥२१.६॥

anusvāraḥ svarabhaktiśca

Also anusvāra and svarabhakti.

 

नान्तस्थापरमसवर्णम्॥२१.७॥

nāntashāparamasavarṇam

But not a consonant that is followed by a semivowel, if dissimilar with it.

 

नासिव्याः॥२१.८॥

nāsivyāḥ

Nor the nose-sounds.

 

स्पर्शश्चोष्मपर ऊष्मा चेत्परश्च॥२१.९॥

sparśaścoṣmapara ūṣmā cetparaśca

Nor a mute that is followed by a spirant --- provided the following spirant is likewise in the same case.

 

स्वरितात्सहितायामनुदात्तानां प्रचय उदात्तश्रुतिः॥२१.१०॥

svaritātsam̐hitāyāmanudāttānāṃ pracaya udāttaśrutiḥ

Of grave syllables following a circumflex in saṃhitā there is pracaya, having the tone of acute.

 

नोदात्तस्वरितपरः॥२१.११॥

nodāttasvaritaparaḥ

But not when an acute or circumflex follows.

 

स्पर्शादनुत्तमादुत्तमपरादानुपूर्व्यान्नासिक्याः॥२१.१२॥

sparśādanuttamāduttamaparādānupūrvyānnāsikyāḥ

After a non-nasal mute, when it is followed by a nasal, are inserted, in their order, nose-sounds.

 

तान्यमानेके॥२१.१३॥

tānyamāneke

Some call these yamas.

 

हकारान्नणमपरान्नासिक्यम्॥२१.१४॥

hakārānnaṇamaparānnāsikyam

After h, when followed by n, ṇ, or m, is inserted nāsikya.

 

रेफोष्मसंयोगे रेफस्वरभक्तिः॥२१.१५॥

rephoṣmasaṃyoge rephasvarabhaktiḥ

In the combination of r and a spirant, there is a svarabhakti of r.

 

न क्रमे प्रथमपरे प्रथमपरे॥२१.१६॥

na krame prathamapare prathamapare

But not in case of krama, when a first mute follows the spirant.

 

॥२२॥

शब्दः प्रकृतिः सर्ववर्णानाम्॥२२.१॥

śabdaḥ prakṛtiḥ sarvavarṇānām

Tone is the material of all articulate sounds.

                    

तस्य र्ऊपान्यत्वे वर्णान्यत्वम्॥२२.२॥

tasya rūpānyatve varṇānyatvam

In the difference of form of the former consists the difference of the latter.

 

तत्र शब्दद्रव्याण्युदाहरिष्यामः॥२२.३॥

tatra śabdadravyāṇyudāhariṣyāmaḥ

Here we will instance the offices of terms.

 

वर्णकारौ निर्देशकौ॥२२.४॥

varṇakārau nirdeśakau

varuṇa and kāra are indicatory.

 

चापीत्यन्वादेशकौ॥२२.५॥

cāpītyanvādeśakau

ca and api are implicative.

 

त्वथैवेति विनिवर्तकाधिकारकावधारकाः॥२२.६॥

tvathaiveti vinivartakādhikārakāvadhārakāḥ

tu, atha, and eva are exceptional, introductory, and restrictive, respectively.

 

वेति वैभाषिकः॥२२.७॥

veti vaibhāṣikaḥ

vā is alternative.

 

नेति प्रतिषेधकः॥२२.८॥

neti pratiṣedhakaḥ

na is prohibitive.

 

आयामो दारुण्यमणुना खस्येत्युच्चैःकराणि शब्दस्य॥२२.९॥

āyāmo dāruṇyamaṇunā khasyetyuccaiḥkarāṇi śabdasya

Tension, hardness, smallness of aperture, are producers of high tone.

 

अन्ववसर्गो मार्दवमुरुता खस्येति नीचैःकराणि॥२२.१०॥

anvavasargo mārdavamurutā khasyeti nīcaiḥkarāṇi

Relaxation, softness, wideness of aperture, are producers of low tone.

 

मन्द्रमध्यमताराणि स्थानानि भवन्ति॥२२.११॥

mandramadhyamatārāṇi sthānāni bhavanti

Soft, middle, and loud are the three qualities.

 

तत्रैकविशतिर्यमाः॥२२.१२॥

tatraikavim̐śatiryamāḥ

In them are twenty-one tones.

 

ऋग्विरामः पदविरामो विवृत्तिविरामः समानपदविवृत्तिविरामस्त्रिमात्रो द्विमात्र एकमात्रो ऽर्धमात्र इत्यानुऊर्व्येण॥२२.१३॥

ṛgvirāmaḥ padavirāmo vivṛttivirāmaḥ samānapadavivṛttivirāmastrimātro dvimātra ekamātro ’rdhamātra ityānuūrvyeṇa

The verse-pause, pada-pause, pause for hiatus, and pause for hiatus in the interior of a word, are respectively of three moras, two moras, one mora, anda a half-mora.

 

यद्यञ्जनान्तं यदु चापि दीर्घँ संयोगपूर्वं च तथानुनासिकम्॥

एतानि सर्वाणि गुरूणि विद्याच् छेषाण्यतो ऽन्यानि ततो लघूनि॥२२.१४॥

yadyañjanāntaṃ yadu cāpi dīrgham̐ saṃyogapūrvaṃ ca tathānunāsikam

etāni sarvāṇi gurūṇi vidyāc cheṣāṇyato ’nyāni tato laghūni

A syllable that ends with a consonat, one that has a long vowel, one that preceedes a conjuction of consonants, one that is nasal --- all these are to be accounted heavy; tthe rest, other than these, are light.

 

अव्यञ्जनान्तं यद्ध्रस्वमसंयोगपरं च यत्।

अननुस्वारसंयुक्तमेतल्लघु निषोधतै तल्लघु निबोधत॥२२.१५॥

avyañjanāntaṃ yaddhrasvamasaṃyogaparaṃ ca yat

ananusvārasaṃyuktametallaghu niṣodhatai tallaghu nibodhata

A syllable that does not end with a consonat, that has a short vowel, and that is not followed by a conjunction of consonants, and one that is not combined with anusvāra --- know that to be light.

 

॥२३॥

अथ वर्णविशेषोत्पत्तिः॥२३.१॥

atha varṇaviśeṣotpattiḥ

Now for the origin of the differences of articulate sounds.

 

अनुप्रदानात्ससर्गात्स्थानात्करणविन्ययात्।

जायते वर्णवैशेष्यं परिमाणाच्च पञ्चमाद् इति॥२३.२॥

anupradānātsam̐sargātsthānātkaraṇavinyayāt

jāyate varṇavaiśeṣyaṃ parimāṇācca pañcamād iti

The differentiation of articulate sounds arises from emission, closure, position, disposition of producing organ, and, fifthly, from quantity.

 

वर्णपृक्तः शब्दो वाच उत्पत्तिः॥२३.३॥

varṇapṛktaḥ śabdo vāca utpattiḥ

Sound combined with articulation is the orgin of voice.

 

सप्त वाच स्थानानि भवन्ति॥२३.४॥

sapta vāca sthānāni bhavanti

Of voice, there are seven qualities.

 

उपाशुध्वाननिमदोपब्दिमन्मन्द्रमध्यमताराणि॥२३.५॥

upām̐śudhvānanimadopabdimanmandramadhyamatārāṇi

Namely, inaudible, murmur, whisper, mumbling, soft, middle, and loud.

 

करणवदशब्दममनःप्रयोगमुपाशु॥२३.६॥

karaṇavadaśabdamamanaḥprayogamupām̐śu

"Inaudible" is without sound, without application of mind, but with articulating action.

 

अक्षरव्यञ्जनानामनुपलब्धिर्ध्वानः॥२३.७॥

akṣaravyañjanānāmanupalabdhirdhvānaḥ

"Murmur" is inaudibleness of syllables and consonants.

 

उपलब्धिर्निमदः॥२३.८॥

upalabdhirnimadaḥ

"Whisper" is their audibleness.

 

सशब्दमुपब्दिमत्॥२३.९॥

saśabdamupabdimat

"Mumbling" is the same, with sound.

 

उरसि मन्द्रं कण्ठे मध्यम शिरसि तारम्॥२३.१०॥

urasi mandraṃ kaṇṭhe madhyamam̐ śirasi tāram

"Soft" is in the chest, "middle" in the throat, "loud" in the head.

 

मन्द्रादिषु त्रिषुं स्थानेषु सप्तसप्त यमाः॥२३.११॥

mandrādiṣu triṣuṃ sthāneṣu saptasapta yamāḥ

In the three qualities beginning with "soft," there are seven tones each.

 

कृष्टप्रथमद्वितीयतृतीयचतुर्थमन्द्रातिस्वार्याः॥२३.१२॥

kṛṣṭaprathamadvitīyatṛtīyacaturthamandrātisvāryāḥ

Namely, kṛṣṭa, first, second, third, fourth, mandra, and atisvārya.

 

तेषां दीप्तिजोपलब्धिः॥२३.१३॥

teṣāṃ dīptijopalabdhiḥ

Of these, the perception is born of brightness.

 

द्वितीयप्रथमकृष्टास्त्रय आह्वारकस्वराः॥२३.१४॥

dvitīyaprathamakṛṣṭāstraya āhvārakasvarāḥ

"Second," "first," and kṛṣṭa are the three tones of the āhvārakas.

 

मन्द्रादयो द्वितीयान्ताश्चत्वारस्तैत्तिरीयकाः॥२३.१५॥

mandrādayo dvitīyāntāścatvārastaittirīyakāḥ

The four beginning with mandra and ending with "second" are those of the taittirīyas.

 

द्वितीयान्मन्द्रस्तैत्तिरीयाणां तृतीयचतुर्थावनन्तरं तच्चतुर्यममित्याचक्षते॥२३.१६॥

dvitīyānmandrastaittirīyāṇāṃ tṛtīyacaturthāvanantaraṃ taccaturyamamityācakṣate

According to the taittirīyas, the mandra proceeds from the "second," and the "third" and "fourth" come next after: this they style the tone-quaternion.

 

तस्मिन्द्वियमान्तरा वृत्तिः॥२३.१७॥

tasmindviyamāntarā vṛttiḥ

In it, progression is by intervals of two tones.

 

तामुपदेक्ष्यामः॥२३.१८॥

tāmupadekṣyāmaḥ

That progression we will set forth.

 

तच्चतुर्यममित्युक्तम्॥२३.१९॥

taccaturyamamityuktam

That is what is called the quaternion of tones.

 

क्रमिवक्रमसंपन्नामद्रुतामविलम्बिताम्।

नीचोच्चस्वारसंपन्नां वदेद्धृतवती समां वदेद्धृतवती समामिति॥२३.२०॥

kramivakramasaṃpannāmadrutāmavilambitām

nīcoccasvārasaṃpannāṃ vadeddhṛtavatīm̐ samāṃ vadeddhṛtavatīm̐ samāmiti

It must be uttered with krama and vikrama, not hurried, not delayed, with grave, acute, and circumflex accent, with pracaya, and even.

 

॥२४॥

अथ चतस्रः सहिताः॥२४.१॥

atha catasraḥ sam̐hitāḥ

Now for the four texts.

 

पदसहिताक्षरसहिता वर्णसहिताङ्गसहिता चेति॥२४.२॥

padasam̐hitākṣarasam̐hitā varṇasam̐hitāṅgasam̐hitā ceti

Word-text, syllable-text, letter-text, and member-text, namely.

 

नानापदसंधानसंयोगः पदसहितेत्यभिधीयते॥२४.३॥

nānāpadasaṃdhānasaṃyogaḥ padasam̐hitetyabhidhīyate

Conjuction of independent words by euphonic combination is called word-text.

 

यथास्वमक्षरसहितादीनामप्येवम्॥२४.४॥

yathāsvamakṣarasam̐hitādīnāmapyevam

And in like manner with the syllable-text and the rest, in accordance with their several names.

 

गुरुत्वं लघुता साम्य ह्रस्वदीर्घप्लुतानि च।

लोपागमविकाराश्च प्रकृतिर्विक्रमः क्रमः॥

स्वरितोदात्तनीचत्व श्वासो नादो ऽङ्गमेव च।

एतत्सर्वं तु विज्ञेयं छन्दोभाषामधीयता॥२४.५॥

gurutvaṃ laghutā sāmyam̐ hrasvadīrghaplutāni ca

lopāgamavikārāśca prakṛtirvikramaḥ kramaḥ

svaritodāttanīcatvam̐ śvāso nādo ’ṅgameva ca

etatsarvaṃ tu vijñeyaṃ chandobhāṣāmadhīyatā

Heaviness, lightness, evenness; short, long, and protracted quantity; elision, increment, and euphonic alteration; natural state, vikrama, krama; circumflex, acute, and grave quality; breath, tone, and adjunction --- all this must be understod by him who reads the Veda language.

 

पदक्रमविशेषज्ञो वर्णक्रमविचक्षणः।

स्वरमात्राविभागज्ञो गछेदाचार्यससदं गछेदाचार्यससदमिति॥२४.६॥

padakramaviśeṣajño varṇakramavicakṣaṇaḥ

svaramātrāvibhāgajño gachedācāryasam̐sadaṃ gachedācāryasam̐sadamiti.

He who understands the distinctions of the pada-krama, who is versed in the varṇa-krama, and knows the divisions of accent and quantity, may go and sit with the teachers.